Editing Constantine Simonides

[[Image:Constantine-Simonides.jpg |200px|thumb|right|Constantine Simonides]]
'''Constantine Simonides''' ([[1820 AD|1820]]–[[1890 AD|1890]]), was a [[Paleography|palaeographer]] and dealer of icons, known as a man of extensive learning, with significant knowledge of manuscripts and miraculous calligraphy. He surpassed his contemporaries in literary ability.
Some paleographers say that he was the most versatile forger of the nineteenth century.<sup>[1]</sup> More recently Simonides has become a focus of controversy concerning the biblical manuscript [[Codex Sinaiticus]] which he claimed to have written.[http://www.sinaiticus.net] 

==Life==
He was born on the small Greek island of [[Symi]], on the coast of the [[Aegean Sea]] in 1820 (or in 1824), and died in Egypt of leprosy.

Simonides lived in the monasteries on [[Mount Athos]] between 1839 and 1841 and again in 1852, during which time he acquired some of the biblical manuscripts that he later sold. He produced a lot of manuscripts ascribed to Hellenistic and early Byzantine periods. He allegedly forged a number of documents and manuscripts and claimed they were the originals of the [[Gospel of Mark]], as well as original manuscripts of poems of [[Homer]]. He sold some of these manuscripts to the King of Greece. Greek scholars exposed what some claimed to be forgeries quickly and he left Greece and traveled from country to country with his manuscripts.
He visited England between 1853 and 1855 and other European countries, and his literary activity was extraordinary.<sup>[2]</sup> Some of his works were published in [[Moscow]], [[Odessa]], in England,<sup>[3]</sup> and in Germany. He also wrote many other works which were never published.

From 1843 until 1856 all over Europe he offered for sale manuscripts purporting to be of ancient origin.
He created "a considerable sensation by producing quantities of Greek manuscripts professing to be of fabulous antiquity – such as a [[Homer]] in an almost prehistoric style of writing, a lost Egyptian historian, a copy of [[Gospel of Matthew|St. Matthew's Gospel]] on papyrus, written fifteen years after the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]] (!), and other portions of the [[New Testament]] dating by him to the first century. These productions were later claimed to be forgeries.<sup>[4]</sup>

In 1854 and 1855 Simonides tried unsuccessfully to sell some manuscripts for the [[British Museum]] and the [[Bodleian Library]]. [[Thomas Phillipps]] was a less critical purchaser and bought for the Phillips Library at [[Cheltenham]] some manuscripts. In 1855 he visited Berlin and Leipzig. He informed [[Wilhelm Dindorf]] that he owned a palimpsest of Uranius.<sup>[5]</sup>

On 13 September 1862, in an article of ''[[The Guardian]]'', he claimed that he is the real author of the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and that he wrote it in 1839. According to him it was "the one poor work of his youth". According to Simonides, he visited Sinai in 1852 and saw the codex. [[Henry Bradshaw (scholar)|Henry Bradshaw]], a scholar, didn't believe his claims.<sup>[6]</sup>

Simonides questioned many of official scientific positions accepted by scholars. He did not respect any scholars.
He interpreted Egyptian hieroglyphics in different ways than [[Jean-François Champollion|Champollion]] and other [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]]. He tried to prove that his method of interpreting Egyptian hieroglyphics was superior.<sup>[7]</sup> He placed the death of [[Irenaeus]] at 292 (c. 130 – c. 200). Also, in many other complicated questions he had his own, usually controversial, point of view, but after ascribing the authorship of the Codex Sinaiticus to himself, the rest of his credibility was destroyed by the British press.

==The Artemidorus Papyrus==
In 2006 a papyrus book-roll was exhibited at Turin which appeared to be part of Book II of the lost ''Geographical Descriptions'' of [[Artemidorus Ephesius]]. It was exhibited again in Berlin in 2008. It has been argued by [[Luciano Canfora]] that the manuscript is the work of Constantine Simonides.<sup>[8]</sup> [[Richard Janko]] also believes that the roll is a forgery.<sup>[9]</sup>

==See also==
; Some of authentic manuscripts which were bought from Constantine Simonides
* [[Minuscule 110]]
* [[Minuscule 502]]
* [[Minuscule 503]]
* [[Minuscule 644]]
* [[Minuscule 2793]]

==References==
* 1. Falconer Madan, [https://archive.org/stream/booksinmanuscrip00madaiala#page/124/mode/2up ''Books in manuscript : a short introduction to their study and use. With a Chapter on Records''], London 1898, p. 124.
* 2. C. L. Fritzsche, [https://books.google.com/books?hl=pl&id=FU9ObWZ7_1MC&dq=&printsec=frontcover&source=result#PPA2,M1 ''Enthüllungen über den Simonides-dindorfschen Uranios''] (Leipzig 1856), p. 2 ff.
* 3. He edited in London facsimile of the Gospel of Mark. Facsimile was illustrated by him, and has an inscription, stating that the documents shown within, “date to the time of Christ when he (sic) lived upon Earth among (sic) man or men ..."
* 4. Kenyon, Frederick G. (1939). Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (4th ed.). London: British Museum. p. 123.
* 5. Falconer Madan, [https://archive.org/stream/booksinmanuscrip00madaiala#page/124/mode/2up ''Books in manuscript : a short introduction to their study and use. With a Chapter on Records''], London 1898, p. 125.
* 6. McKitterick, David (1998) ''A history of Cambridge University Press'', Volume 2: ''Scholarship and Commerce (1698-1872)'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, page 369.
* 7. Richard Janko, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/20842686/The-Artemidorus-Papyrus-sulla-Classical-Review ''The Artemidorus Papyrus''], [[Classical Association|Classical Review]] 59.2 (2009), p.&nbsp;404.
* 8. Peter Parsons, ''Forging Ahead: Has Simonides Struck Again?'', TLS 22 February 2008, p 14.
* 9. Richard Janko, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/20842686/The-Artemidorus-Papyrus-sulla-Classical-Review ''The Artemidorus Papyrus''], [[Classical Association|Classical Review]] 59.2 (2009), pp.&nbsp;403–410.

==Sources==
* "Miscellanies", ''The Journal of Sacred Literature'', ed. Harris Cowper, Vol. II, Edinbourgh 1863, pp.&nbsp;248–253.
* Falconer Madan, [https://archive.org/details/booksinmanuscrip00madaiala ''Books in manuscript : a short introduction to their study and use. With a Chapter on Records''], London 1898, pp.&nbsp;124–128.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/forum0901/20pap.htm Beschreibung Simonides’ Tätigkeit für eine Ausstellung des Papyrusmuseums der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek]
* William Osler, [http://www.christianism.com/html/add36a2.html ‘‘Christianity’’], pp.&nbsp;1888–1890.
* [http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25360-2650721,00.html Forging ahead]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802021314/http://forgeriesandhoaxes.com/ A Collection of Forgeries and Hoaxes]
* [https://archive.is/20120802152418/http://www.archaeogate.org/papirologia/article/494/1/papiro-di-artemidoro-una-questione-aperta-insigni-studi.html Rassegna stampa sul portale Archaeogate]
* Alexandros Lykourgos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FU9ObWZ7_1MC&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Enthüllungen über den Simonides-Dindorfschen Uranios'']


{{DEFAULTSORT:Simonides, Constantine}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:Palaeography]]
[[Category:Forgers]]

{{Donate}}