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	*[http://home.att.net/~sergei592/knottmissal.html Knott Missal - Ordinary of the Mass from the [[English Missal]]]		*[http://home.att.net/~sergei592/knottmissal.html Knott Missal - Ordinary of the Mass from the [[English Missal]]]
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	[[Category:Anglicanism]]		[[Category:Anglicanism]]

Nick: Protected "Anglo-Catholicism" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2009-05-31T05:22:20Z

Protected "Anglo-Catholicism" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

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Nick: New page: The terms '''Anglo-Catholic''' and '''Anglo-Catholicism''' describe people, beliefs and practices within Anglicanism that affirm the Catholic, rather than [[Protestantism|Protestan...

2009-05-31T05:22:14Z

New page: The terms '''Anglo-Catholic''' and '''Anglo-Catholicism''' describe people, beliefs and practices within Anglicanism that affirm the Catholic, rather than [[Protestantism|Protestan...

New page

The terms '''Anglo-Catholic''' and '''Anglo-Catholicism''' describe people, beliefs and practices within [[Anglicanism]] that affirm the [[Catholic]], rather than [[Protestantism|Protestant]], heritage and identity of the Anglican churches.

Many Anglo-Catholics today, especially in England, prefer the terms '''Anglican Catholic''' or '''Catholic Anglican'''. The term '''High Church''' is also often used to describe them, though its meaning is frequently looser.

==Anglo-Catholicism in the Anglican churches==

Within Anglicanism, and in particular in the [[Church of England]], three terms are frequently used - not always entirely correctly - to denote different varieties of belief and practice: [[High Church]], [[Low Church]] and [[Broad Church]] (or [[Latitudinarian]]).

* '''High Church''' is generally used to describe a form of Anglicanism which is influenced to a greater or lesser extent by the Catholic tradition. Anglo-Catholicism is sometimes identified with this variety of churchmanship, but "High Church" believers would not necessarily endorse all the elements of Anglo-Catholicism.
* '''Low Church''' refers to Anglicans of a more [[evangelicalism|Evangelical]] tradition who, consistently with the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] tradition, emphasise the primacy of scripture and salvation through faith alone. Low Church Anglicans usually (with the notable exception of the Australian [[Diocese of Sydney]]) worship according to the official prayer books, but with much less ceremonial emphasis.
* '''Broad Church''' refers to Anglicans falling between the "high" and "low" traditions who stress the inclusive nature of Anglicanism. The term sometimes has overtones of theological liberalism.

==Anglo-Catholicism in history==
Anglo-Catholicism claims continuity with the early days of Christianity in Great Britain. [[Pope Gregory the Great]] sent [[St. Augustine of Canterbury|St. Augustine]] in the late 6th century from Rome to evangelise the Anglo-Saxon English, a process completed in the 7th century. It is commonly thought that the [[Anglo-Saxon Christianity|conversion of the English]] marked the beginning of Christianity in Britain, though the Romano-Celtic society which existed in Britain prior to the arrival of the pagan Germanic tribes from Denmark and northern Germany was already substantially Christian.

When the [[Protestant Reformation]] broke out in Europe, the tide swept up England as well. [[King Henry VIII]] took England into schism from Rome when the Pope refused to declare null his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]], but retained Catholic views in theology and liturgy, while some reformers (such as Bishop [[John Hooper]]) wanted to follow the radical reforms of Geneva. All reforms were reversed, briefly, during the reign of the staunchly Roman Catholic [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] who resumed communion with Rome as part of a general campaign to end the Reformation in England and Wales. Consequently when Queen Elizabeth I took the English throne, she sought to steer a [[via media]] between what her bishops felt were the excesses of Rome, on the one hand, and those of Geneva, on the other. Thus was born the [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement|Elizabethan Settlement]], and the promulgation of a single [[Book of Common Prayer]], for whatever theological party was to use it within the Anglican Church. This marks the birth of a special ethos for the Anglican Church. This ethos, peculiar to Anglicanism, was championed by the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] divine, [[Richard Hooker (theologian)|Richard Hooker]].

From that time, through [[William Laud|Archbishop Laud]] and the [[Caroline Divines]], up to the time of the Oxford Movement Tractarians, the Anglo-Catholic Congresses and the present day, there has always been a theological party within Anglicanism which has sought to stress apostolic continuity all the way back to the Twelve Apostles. In response to [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s ''[[Apostolicae Curae]]'' (1896), which declared the Anglican apostolic succession invalid from the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the Anglican Archbishops of [[Canterbury]] and [[York]] have claimed, starting with their official response, ''[[Apostolicae Curae#Saepius Officio|Saepius Officio]]'', that there is an unbroken apostolic succession in the Anglican priesthood and that the [[historical episcopate]] has been in the British Isles from the earliest days of the Church. Anglo-Catholicism has been weakened at regular intervals by secessions by its prominent leaders to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] or occasionally to the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es, among whom was [[John Henry Cardinal Newman|John Henry Newman]], the later [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]. Moments of crisis provoking such defections include the (narrowly avoided) condemnation of [[Tract 90]] in 1841, the ritualistic controversy and the [[Public Worship Regulation Act]] of 1874, the Prayer Book controversy of 1927-28, and more recently decisions by many Anglican provinces to proceed to the ordination of women priests.

==The Oxford Movement and the beginning of modern Anglo-Catholicism==
The modern Anglo-Catholic movement can be traced to the [[Oxford Movement]] of the [[Victorian era]] (sometimes termed ''Tractarianism'').

In the early 19th century, various factors caused misgivings among English churchmen, including the decline of church life and the spread of unorthodox practices in the Church of England. The government's plan to suppress ten Irish bishoprics in 1833 inspired a sermon from [[John Keble]] in the University Church in Oxford on the subject of "National Apostasy". This sermon marked the inception of what became known as the Oxford Movement.

The principal objective of the Oxford Movement was the defence of the Church of England as a divinely-founded institution, of the doctrine of the [[Apostolic Succession]] and of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] as a "rule of faith". The key idea was that the Anglican Church was not a [[Protestant]] denomination, but rather a [[Branch theory|branch]] of the universal Catholic Church, along with the [[Roman Catholic]] Church and the [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] churches. It was argued that Anglicanism had preserved the historical apostolic succession of priests and bishops and thus the Catholic [[sacrament]]s. These ideas were promoted in a series of 90 "Tracts for the Times".

The principal leaders of the Oxford Movement were [[John Keble]], [[John Henry Newman]] and [[Edward Bouverie Pusey]]. The movement gained influential support, but was also attacked by the [[latitudinarian]]s within Oxford University and by bishops. Within the movement there gradually arose a much smaller group which tended towards submission to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1845, the university censured the pro-Roman theologian [[W. G. Ward]] and his ''Ideal of a Christian Church'', and 1850 saw the victory of the Evangelical clergyman [[George Cornelius Gorham]] in a celebrated legal action against the church authorities. A number of conversions to the Roman Catholic Church followed. The majority of adherents of the movement, however, remained in the Church of England and, despite hostility in the press and in government, the movement spread. Its liturgical practices were influential, as were its social achievements (including its slum settlements) and its revival of male and female monasticism within Anglicanism.

==Anglo-Catholicism today==

Since at least the 1970s, Anglo-Catholicism has been dividing into two distinct camps, along a fault-line which can perhaps be traced back to Bishop [[Charles Gore]]'s work in the 19th century.

The Oxford Movement had been inspired in the first place by a rejection of [[liberalism]] and [[latitudinarianism]] in favour of the traditional faith of the "Church Catholic", defined by the teachings of the [[Church Fathers]] and the common doctrines of the historical eastern and western Christian churches. Until the 1970s, therefore, most Anglo-Catholics rejected liberalising development such as the conferral of [[holy orders]] on women. Present-day "traditional" Anglo-Catholics seek to maintain tradition and to keep Anglican doctrine in line with that of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. They often ally themselves with low-church evangelical Anglicans to defend traditional teachings on sexual morality. The main organisation in the Church of England that opposes the ordination of women, [[Forward in Faith]], is largely composed of Anglo-Catholics.

However, Gore's work, bearing the mark of liberal Protestant [[higher criticism]], paved the way for an alternative form of Anglo-Catholicism influenced by [[liberal theology]]. Thus in recent years many Anglo-Catholics have accepted the [[ordination of women]], the use of [[inclusive language]] in Bible translations and the liturgy, and progressive attitudes towards homosexuality. Such Anglicans often refer to themselves as "Liberal Catholics". The more "progressive" or "liberal" style of Anglo-Catholicism is represented by [[Affirming Catholicism]].

Many traditional Anglo-Catholics have left official Anglicanism to form "[[Continuing Anglican Movement|continuing Anglican churches]]" such as the [[Traditional Anglican Communion]]. Others have left Anglicanism altogether for the Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Churches, in the belief that liberal doctrinal innovations in the Anglican Church have resulted in Anglicanism no longer being a true branch of the "Church Catholic".

==Practices and beliefs==

===Theology===

What Anglo-Catholics believe is fiercely debated, sometimes even among Anglo-Catholics themselves.

In agreement with the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Churches]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], Anglo-Catholics — along with [[Old-Catholic]]s and [[Lutheran]]s — generally appeal to the "canon" (or rule) of [[Vincent of Lerins|St Vincent of Lerins]]: "What everywhere, what always, and what by all of us has been credited, that is truly and properly Catholic."

The Anglican [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] make distinctions between Anglican and [[Roman Catholic]] understandings of doctrine. As the Articles were intentionally written in such a way as to be open to a range of interpretations, Anglo-Catholics have defended Catholic practices and beliefs as being consistent with them. Due to the Articles' harsh tone, however, they have generally not been held in high regard by most Anglo-Catholics.

Anglo-Catholic [[priest]]s often hear private [[confession]]s and [[Anointing of the Sick|anoint the sick]], regarding these practices, as do Roman Catholics, as sacraments. The majority of Anglicans generally think of them merely as optional sacramental rites. The classic Anglican aphorism regarding private confession is: "All may, some should, none must".

Anglo-Catholics share with Roman Catholics a belief in the sacramental nature of the priesthood, the sacrificial character of the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and the [[Real Presence]] of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine of the [[Eucharist]]. A minority of Anglo-Catholics also encourage priestly [[clerical celibacy|celibacy]]. Some Anglo-Catholics encourage devotion to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], particularly under her title of [[Our Lady of Walsingham]], but not all Anglo-Catholics adhere to a high doctrine of Mariology.

A minority of Anglo-Catholics, sometimes called [[Anglo-Papalism|Anglo-Papalists]], consider themselves under papal supremacy even though they are not in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church. Such Anglo-Catholics, especially in England, often celebrate Mass according to the [[Mass of Paul VI|contemporary Roman Catholic rite]] and are concerned with seeking reunion with the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

===Liturgical practices===

Anglo-Catholics are usually identified by their liturgical practices and ornaments. These may be characterised by the "six points" of the Oxford Movement's eucharistic practice:
* the use of eucharistic [[vestment]]s
* the eastward-facing orientation of the priest (that is, facing the altar rather than the congregation)
* the use of unleavened bread
* the mixing of water into the eucharistic wine
* the use of incense and candles.

Many other traditional Catholic practices are observed within Anglo-Catholicism, including [[eucharistic adoration]]. Many Anglo-Catholic "innovations" (or, rather, revivals of dormant practices) have since become accepted by mainstream Anglicans.

Various liturgical strands exist within Anglo-Catholicism:
* Some, like the original members of the Oxford Movement, use official Anglican liturgical texts, such as the [[Book of Common Prayer]].
* Some use the modern [[Mass of Paul VI|Roman Catholic rite of Mass]], celebrated in English.
* Some use the [[Tridentine Mass|older "Tridentine"]] Catholic rite of Mass, celebrated in Latin, or English liturgies based on it, such as the rites of the [[English Missal]].
* Some occasionally use the mediaeval English [[Sarum Rite]], which is broadly similar to the Tridentine Mass and is celebrated in Latin.

Preferences for Elizabethan English and modern English texts vary within the movement.

In the United States a group of Anglo-Catholics in [[The Episcopal Church]] published under the rubrics of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer an [[Anglican Service Book]] which is "a traditional language adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer together with the Psalter or Psalms of David and additional devotions." This book is based on the 1979 Book of Common Prayer but includes offices and devotions in the traditional language of the 1928 Prayer Book that are not in the 1979 edition. The book also draws from sources such as the [[Anglican Missal]].

==Criticism==

Opposition to Anglo-Catholicism has existed within Anglicanism since the movement's inception. The [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]], [[Low Church]] tradition emphasises a more Protestant understanding of the nature of Anglicanism, and has been suspicious of, or even openly hostile to, the Catholic ethos that informs Anglo-Catholicism. Historical research in recent years has emphasised aspects of a Protestant self-consciousness in the English Reformation, a consciousness which was dominant from [[Elizabeth I]]'s reign until the Victorian era.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

The theological basis of Anglo-Catholicism - that the Anglican Church is a "branch" of the universal Catholic Church, with valid bishops, priests [[sacrament]]s - has never been accepted by the other two putative branches of the Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. (Each of those bodies claims to be the [[One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church]], though the Roman Church was once in communion with the Orthodox Patriarchates until the two broke apart in the 11th century during the [[Great Schism]].) In 1896, [[Pope Leo XIII]] declared in the [[papal bull]] ''[[Apostolicae Curae]]'' that the orders of Anglican clergymen were "absolutely null and utterly void", and that Anglican priests and bishops were therefore laymen. ''Apostolicae Curae'' continues to be a source of some controversy: following its publication, the Church of England produced its own response, ''[[Saepius Officio]]'', which is sometimes said to be written in better Latin.

Anglo-Catholic liturgical practices (sometimes called '[[Ritualism]]', though many Anglo-Catholics dislike the term) were a particular source of controversy in the nineteenth century, and led to the passage of the [[Public Worship Regulation Act 1874]].

==Examples==
*[[List of Anglo-Catholic Churches]]

== See also ==
{{Portalpar | Catholicism | Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg | 35}}
{{Anglican Portal}}
*[[Continuing Anglican Movement]]
**[[Anglican Catholic Church]]
**[[Anglican Church in America]]
**[[Anglican Province of America]]
**[[Anglican Catholic Church of Canada]]
*[[Anglicanism]]
*[[Anglican Breviary]]
*[[Anglican Communion]]
*[[Anglican devotional society]]
*[[Anglican Missal]]
*[[Anglican sacraments]]
*[[Anglican Service Book]]

*[[Broad Church]]
*[[Catholicism]]
*[[Church of England]]
*[[English Missal]]
*[[Evangelical Catholic]]
*[[High Church]]
*[[High Church Lutheranism]]
*[[Liturgical Movement]]
*[[Low Church]]
*[[Neo-Lutheranism]]
*[[Our Lady of Walsingham]]
*[[Ritualism]]

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXglLCaO9zo YouTube video of Anglo-Catholic worship]
*[http://www.ourchurch.com/view/?pageID=308542 Anglican Catholic Christianity] Various links and resources
*[http://www.anglocatholic.net Anglo-Catholic Central] Lists of parishes, dioceses, orders and societies 
*[http://www.missionsociety.org.uk Society for Sacramental Mission (Anglo-Catholic Mission)]
*[http://anglicanhistory.org Anglican texts at Project Canterbury]
*[http://www.affirmingcatholicism.org/ Affirming Catholicism website]
*[http://www.anglicanbreviary.net/ Anglican Breviary]
*[http://orders.anglican.org/arcyb/ Anglican Religious Communities]
*[http://www.anglocatholicsocialism.org Anglo-Catholic Socialism website]
*[http://www.covert.org/massguide A Guide to Solemn High Mass]
*[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/pc/alexander/ What is Anglo-Catholicism?]
*[http://www.gracechurchinnewark.org/whatisanglocatholic.html What is an Anglo-Catholic Parish?]
*[http://www.allsaintssanfran.org/anglo_catholic_vision.htm The Anglo-Catholic Vision]
*[http://home.att.net/~sergei592/knottmissal.html Knott Missal - Ordinary of the Mass from the [[English Missal]]]
*[http://www.forwardinfaith.com/ Forward in Faith website]

[[Category:Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglo-Catholicism| ]]
[[Category:Catholics not in communion with Rome]]
[[Category:Christianity in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Christian theological movements]]

Anglo-Catholicism - Revision history

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Nick: Protected "Anglo-Catholicism" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

Nick: New page: The terms '''Anglo-Catholic''' and '''Anglo-Catholicism''' describe people, beliefs and practices within Anglicanism that affirm the Catholic, rather than [[Protestantism|Protestan...