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Name and etymologies

Nick: New page: '''Barnabas''' (Βαρναβᾶς), born '''Joseph''', was an early Christian, one of the earliest Christian disciples in Jerusalem.^[]^{[]
2014-01-11T07:07:14Z
New page: '''Barnabas''' (Βαρναβᾶς), born '''Joseph''', was an early Christian, one of the earliest Christian disciples in Jerusalem.[][]</su...
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'''Barnabas''' (Βαρναβᾶς), born '''Joseph''', was an [[early Christian]], one of the earliest [[Disciple (Christianity)|Christian disciples]] in Jerusalem.[][] According to [[Acts 4:36]] Barnabas was a [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] [[Jew]]. Named an [[Twelve Apostles|apostle]] in [[Acts 14:14]], he and [[Paul the Apostle]] undertook missionary journeys together and defended [[Gentile]] converts against the [[Judaizers]].[] They traveled together making more converts (''c'' [[45 AD|45]]-[[47 AD|47]]), and participated in the [[Council of Jerusalem]] (''c'' [[50 AD|50]]).[] Barnabas and Paul successfully evangelized among the [[Godfearers|"God-fearing"]] Gentiles who attended [[synagogue]]s in various [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] cities of [[Anatolia]].[]

Barnabas' story appears in the [[Acts of the Apostles]], and Paul mentions him in some of his [[epistle]]s.[] [[Tertullian]] named him as the author of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]],[] but this and other attributions are conjecture.[] [[Clement of Alexandria]] ascribed the [[Epistle of Barnabas]] to him, but that is highly improbable.[]

Although the date, place, and circumstances of his death are historically unverifiable, Christian tradition holds that Barnabas was [[martyr]]ed at [[Salamis, Cyprus]], in 61 AD.[] He is traditionally identified as the founder of the [[Cypriot Orthodox Church]]. The [[feast day]] of Barnabas is celebrated on June 11.[]

Barnabas is usually identified as the cousin of [[Mark the Evangelist]] on the basis of Colossians 4.[] Some traditions hold that [[Aristobulus of Britannia]], one of the [[Seventy Disciples]], was the brother of Barnabas.

== Name and etymologies ==

His [[Greeks|Hellenic]] [[Jewish]] parents called him Joseph (although the [[Byzantine text-type]] calls him Ιὠσης, ''Iōsēs'', 'Joses', a [[Greek language|Greek]] variant of 'Joseph'), but when he sold all his goods and gave the money to the apostles in [[Jerusalem]], they gave him a new name: Barnabas. This name appears to be from the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] {{lang|arc|בר נביא}}, ''bar naḇyā'', meaning 'the son (of the) prophet'. However, the Greek text of the [[Acts 4:36]] explains the name as υἱός παρακλήσεως, ''hyios paraklēseōs'', meaning ''"son of consolation" or "son of encouragement".'' A similar link between ”prophecy” and ”encouragement” is found in Paul’s letter to the Corinthians ([[1 Corinthians 14:3]]).

== Biblical narrative ==

[[image:St-barnabé-veronese-rouen.jpg|thumb|right|''Barnabas curing the sick'' by [[Paolo Veronese]], [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen]].]]

Barnabas appears mainly in ''Acts'', a Christian history of the early Christian church. He also appears in several of Paul's epistles.

Barnabas is one of the first teachers of the church at [[Antioch]] ([[Acts 13:1]]). Barnabas was a [[Levite]]. He was a native of [[Cyprus]], where he possessed land ([[Acts 4:36]], [[Acts 4:37|37]]), which he sold, giving the proceeds to the church in Jerusalem. When the [[Paul of Tarsus|Apostle Paul]] returned to Jerusalem after his conversion, Barnabas took him and introduced him to the apostles ([[Acts 9:27|9:27]]). Easton, in his Bible Dictionary, supposes that they had been fellow students in the school of Rabbi [[Gamaliel]]. []

The prosperity of the church at Antioch led the apostles and brethren at Jerusalem to send Barnabas there to superintend the movement. He found the work so extensive and weighty that he went to [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]] in search of Paul, "an admirable colleague", to assist him.[] Paul returned with him to Antioch and labored with him for a whole year ([[Acts 11:25]], [[Acts 11:26|26]]). At the end of this period, the two were sent up to Jerusalem (AD [[44 AD|44]]) with the contributions the church at Antioch had made for the poorer members of the Jerusalem church.

Shortly after they returned, bringing [[John Mark]] with them, they were appointed as missionaries to [[Asia Minor]], and in this capacity visited Cyprus and some of the principal cities of [[Pamphylia]], [[Pisidia]], and [[Lycaonia]] (Acts 13:14). With the conversion of [[Sergius Paulus]], Paul begins to gain prominence over Barnabas from the point where the name ''"Paul,"'' his Roman name, is substituted for ''"Saul"'' (13:9); instead of ''"Barnabas and Saul"'' as heretofore (11:30; 12:25; 13:2, 7) we now read ''"Paul and Barnabas"'' (13:43, 46, 50; 14:20; 15:2, 22, 35); only in 14:14 and 15:12, 25 does Barnabas again occupy the first place, in the first passage with recollection of 14:12, in the last two, because Barnabas stood in closer relation to the Jerusalem church than Paul. St. Paul appears as the preaching missionary (13:16; 14:8-9, 19-20), whence the [[Lystra]]ns regarded him as [[Hermes]], St. Barnabas as [[Zeus]][][] (14:12). Returning from this first missionary journey to Antioch, they were again sent up to Jerusalem to consult with the church there regarding the relation of Gentiles to the church ([[Acts 15:2]]; [[Galatians 2:1]]). According to Gal. 2:9-10, Barnabas was included with Paul in the agreement made between them, on the one hand, and [[James the Just|James]], [[Saint Peter|Peter]], and [[John the Apostle|John]], on the other, that the two former should in the future preach to the pagans, not forgetting the poor at Jerusalem. This matter having been settled, they returned again to Antioch, bringing the agreement of the [[Council of Jerusalem|council]] that [[Gentiles]] were to be admitted into the church.

It is quite likely, however, that the epistle of Galatians was written prior to the Jerusalem council, and that it refers to a meeting between Paul, Barnabas, and Peter, James, and John that happened earlier. Much of the scholarship of the 1800s assumes that Galatia was a province to the north of the first missionary journey churches started through Paul and Barnabas' ministry as described in Acts 13-14. But archaeology and recent scholarship accepts the fact that the province of Galatia included many of the first missionary journey churches. It would have been very strange indeed for Paul to have omitted the fact that the apostles and elders of the Jerusalem church had not laid circumcision as a requirement upon the Gentiles considering the topic of the epistle after it became a controversy in Galatia. It is more likely that the epistle was written some time before the Jerusalem council, and that teachers came from Jerusalem to Antioch teaching the need for it after Paul wrote his epistle to the Galatians, churches from the first missionary journey, addressing this issue.

After they had returned to Antioch from the Jerusalem council and after spending some time there (15:35), Paul asked Barnabas to accompany him on another journey (15:36). Barnabas wished to take [[John Mark]] along, but Paul did not, as he had left them on the former journey (15:37-38). The dispute ended by Paul and Barnabas taking separate routes. Paul took [[Silas]] as his companion, and journeyed through Syria and [[Cilicia]]; while Barnabas took [[John Mark]] to visit Cyprus (15:36-41). According to [[Hippolytus of Rome]], [[John Mark]] is not [[Mark the Cousin of Barnabas]], and Barnabas did not dispute with Paul because of personal favor to a blood relative, but due to his character as his nickname Barnabas ("Son of Encouragement") indicates.

Barnabas is not mentioned again by [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]] in the [[Acts of the Apostles]]. However, in Gal. 2:13 a little more is learned about him, that he followed Peter's example of not eating with Gentiles; and from [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] 9:6 it may be gathered that he continued to labor as missionary. It is believed that his argument with Paul was resolved.

== Barnabas and Antioch ==

[[Antioch]], the third-most important city of the Roman Empire,[] then the capital city of [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria province]], today [[Antakya]], Turkey, was where Christians were first called thus.[] It was indeed the site of an early Christian community, traditionally said to be founded by Peter {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}. A considerable minority of the Antioch church of Barnabas's time belonged to the merchant class, and they provided support to the poorer Jerusalem church.[]

== Council of Jerusalem ==

''See Also [[Council of Jerusalem]]''

Barnabas participated in the Council of Jerusalem, which dealt with the admission of gentiles into the Christian community, a crucial problem in early Christianity.[] Paul and Barnabas proposed that gentiles be allowed into the community without being [[Circumcision controversy in early Christianity|circumcised]].

== Martyrdom ==

''See Also [[Christian martyrs]]''

Church tradition developed outside of the canon of the New Testament describes the martyrdom of many saints, including the legend of the martyrdom of Barnabas.[] It relates that certain Jews coming to Syria and Salamis, where Barnabas was then preaching the gospel, being highly exasperated at his extraordinary success, fell upon him as he was disputing in the synagogue, dragged him out, and, after the most inhumane [[torture]]s, stoned him to death. His kinsman, John Mark, who was a spectator of this barbarous action, privately interred his body.[]

According to the History of the Cyprus Church,[] in 478 Barnabas appeared in a dream to the Archbishop of Constantia ([[Salamis, Cyprus]]) Anthemios and revealed to him the place of his sepulchre beneath a [[carob]]-tree. The following day Anthemios found the tomb and inside it the remains of Barnabas with a manuscript of Matthew's Gospel on his breast. Anthemios presented the Gospel to Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] at [[Constantinople]] and received from him the privileges of the [[Cypriot Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus]], that is, the purple cloak which the [[List of archbishops of Cyprus|Greek Archbishop of Cyprus]] wears at festivals of the church, the imperial sceptre and the red ink with which he affixes his signature.

Anthemios then placed the venerable remains of Barnabas in a church which he founded near the tomb. Excavations near the site of a present day church and monastery, have revealed an early church with two empty tombs, believe to be that of St. Barnabas and Anthemios.[]

St. Barnabas is venerated as the [[Patron Saint]] of [[Cyprus]].

== Other sources ==

Although many assume that the biblical [[Mark the Cousin of Barnabas]] ([[Colossians 4:10]]) is the same as [[John Mark]] (Acts 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15: 37) and [[Mark the Evangelist]], the traditionally believed author of the [[Gospel of Mark]], according to [[Hippolytus of Rome]],[] the three "Mark"s are distinct persons. They were all members of the [[Seventy Disciples|Seventy Apostles of Christ]], including Barnabas himself. There are two people named Barnabas among Hippolytus' list of Seventy Disciples, one (#13) became the bishop of Milan, the other (#25) the bishop of Heraclea. Most likely one of these two is the biblical Barnabas; the first one is more likely, because the numbering by Hippolytus seems to indicate a level of significance. [[Clement of Alexandria]] (''Stromata'', ii, 20) also makes Barnabas one of the [[Seventy Disciples]] that are mentioned in the [[Gospel of Luke]] 10:1ff.

Other sources bring Barnabas to [[Rome]] and [[Alexandria, Egypt|Alexandria]]. In the [[Clementine literature|"Clementine Recognitions"]] (i, 7) he is depicted as preaching in Rome even during Christ's lifetime.

Not older than the 3rd century is the tradition of the later activity and martyrdom of Barnabas in [[Cyprus]], where his remains are said to have been discovered under the Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]]. The [[Cypriot Orthodox Church|Cypriot Church]] claimed Barnabas as its founder in order to rid itself of the supremacy of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]], as did the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archbishop of Milan]] afterwards, to become more independent of Rome.[] In this connection, the question whether Barnabas was an apostle became important, and was often discussed during the Middle Ages.[] The statements as to the year of Barnabas's death are discrepant and untrustworthy.

== Alleged writings ==

[[Tertullian]] and other Western writers regard Barnabas as the author of the [[Letter to the Hebrews]]. This may have been the Roman tradition—which Tertullian usually follows—and in Rome the epistle may have had its first readers. But the tradition has weighty considerations against it{{Clarify|reason=what considerations|date=June 2010}}.

“[[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]] of the ninth century, refers to some in his day who were uncertain whether the Acts was written by Clement of Rome, Barnabas, or Luke. Yet Photius is certain that the work must be ascribed to Luke.” []

He is also traditionally associated with the [[Epistle of Barnabas]], although modern scholars think it more likely that that epistle was written in Alexandria in the 130s. The 5th century ''[[Decretum Gelasianum]]'' includes a ''Gospel of Barnabas'' amongst works condemned as [[apocrypha]]l; but no certain text or quotation from this work has been identified.

Another book using that same title, the ''"[[Gospel of Barnabas]]",'' survives in two post-medieval manuscripts in Italian and Spanish.[] Contrary to the canonical Christian [[Gospel]]s, and in accordance with the [[Islamic view of Jesus]], this later ''"Gospel of Barnabas"'' states that Jesus was not the son of God, but a prophet and messenger. The book also says Jesus rose alive into [[Heaven]] without having been crucified and mentions Mohammad by name.[] Though the exact dating is disputed, there is also a dispute among scholars as to the work being [[pseudepigraphical]] or [[apocryphal]].[]

== See also ==

* [[Lectionary 214]] - apocryphal ''Apodemia'' of Barnabas

== Notes ==

== References ==

* Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints," 3rd edition, New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.

=== Literature: Epistle of Barnabas ===

* Die Apostolischen Väter. Griechisch-deutsche Parallelausgabe. J.C.B. Mohr Tübingen 1992. ISBN 3-16-145887-7

* Der Barnabasbrief. Übersetzt und erklärt von Ferdinand R. Prostmeier. Series: Kommentar zu den Apostolischen Vätern (KAV, Vol. 8). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Göttingen 1999. ISBN 3-525-51683-5

== External links ==

[http://www.saintbarnabaschurch.org.uk/stbarnabasbiog.htm Biography of St Barnabas]

[http://www.barnabas.net Gospel of Barnabas]

[http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/barnabas.html The Ecole Glossary about Barnabas]

[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-41.htm The Epistle of Barnabas]

[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintb12.htm ''St. Barnabas the Apostle'']

[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=299&letter=B&search=Barnabas Jewish Encyclopedia: Barnabas]

[http://www.sbarnabas.com Parish of St Barnabas in Tunbridge Wells, England, UK]

[http://www.barnabascommunitychurch.com Barnabas Community Church, Shrewsbury, England, UK]

[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/city/famagusta/stbarnabas/index.html St Barnabas Monastery and Icon Museum, Famagusta, Cyprus]

[http://www.paulandpeters.com/St-Barnabas-ezp-20.html St. Barnabas, Patron Against Hailstorms, Invoked as Peacemaker]

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[[Category:1st-century writers]]

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[[Category:People from Famagusta]]

[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]

[[Category:Eastern Catholic saints]]

[[Category:Jewish writers]]

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[[Category:New Testament people]]

[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]

[[Category:1st-century bishops]]

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[[Category:Judeo-Christian topics]]

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[[Category:Archbishops of Milan]]

[[Category:Book of Acts]]

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Barnabas - Revision history

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