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Nick: New page: The '''accusative case''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''acc'''}}) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a [[transitive v...

Nick — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 02:14:16 GMT

New page: The '''accusative case''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''acc'''}}) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a [[transitive v...

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The '''accusative case''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''acc'''}}) of a [[noun]] is the [[grammatical case]] used to mark the [[direct object]] of a [[transitive verb]]. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) [[preposition]]s. It is a noun that is having something done to it, usually joined (such as in [[Latin]]) with the [[nominative case]], making it an [[indirect object]].

The accusative case existed in [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] and is present in some [[Indo-European languages]] (including [[Latin]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]), in the [[Uralic languages]], in [[Altaic languages]], and in [[Semitic languages]] (such as [[Classical Arabic]]). [[Finnic languages]], such as Finnish and Estonian, have two cases to mark objects, the accusative and the [[partitive case]]. In [[morphosyntactic alignment]] terms, both perform the accusative function, but the accusative object is [[Telicity|telic]], while the partitive is not.

Modern [[English language|English]], which almost entirely lacks [[declension]] in its nouns, does not have an explicitly marked accusative case even in the pronouns. Such forms as ''whom'', ''them'', and ''her'' derive rather from the old Germanic [[dative case|dative]] forms, of which the -m and -r endings are characteristic. These words can arguably be classified in the [[oblique case]] instead. Most modern English grammarians feel that due to the lack of declension, except in a few pronouns where accusative and dative have been merged, that making case distinctions in English is no longer relevant, and frequently employ the term "[[Objective (grammar)|objective case]]" instead ''(see [[Declension in English]]).'' ''Hine'', a true accusative masculine third person singular pronoun, is attested in some northern English dialects as late as the 19th century.<ref>Oxford University Press. ''Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.''.Oxford, 1989</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[English language|English]] name "accusative (case)" is an [[Anglicisation]] of the [[Latin]] ''accūsātīvus'' (''cāsus''),<ref>accusativus|accūsātīvus</ref> which was translated from [[Ancient Greek]] ''(ptôsis) aitiatikḗ''.<ref>ai)tiatikh/|αἰτιατική</ref> The Greek term can mean either "(inflection) for something caused" or "for an accusation".<ref>accusative</ref> The intended meaning was likely the first, which would be translated as Latin ''causātīvus''<ref>{{OEtymD|accusative}}</ref> or ''effectīvus'',<ref>[[Herbert Weir Smyth]]. A Greek grammar for colleges. p. 353, sect. 1551.a.: name of the accusative.</ref> but the Latin term was a translation of the second. Compare [[Russian language|Russian]] [[wikt:винительный#Russian|вини́тельный]] ''vinítel’nyj'', from [[wikt:винить#Russian|винить]] ''vinít’'' "to blame".

==Description==
In the sentence ''I see '''the car''''', the [[noun phrase]] ''the car'' is the direct object of the verb "see". In English, which has mostly lost the case system, the definite article and noun – "the car" – remain in the same form regardless of the grammatical role played by the words. One can correctly use "the car" as the subject of a sentence also: "The car is parked here."

In a declined language, the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of the article or noun changes in some way according to the grammatical role played by the noun in a given sentence. For example, in [[German language|German]], one possible translation of "the car" is ''der Wagen''. This is the form in the [[nominative case]], used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German – ''Ich sehe '''den Wagen'''.'' In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from ''der'' to ''den'' in the accusative case.

==Examples==
===Indo-European languages===
==== Latin ====
In Latin, nouns, adjectives, or pronouns in the accusative case (''accusativus'') can be used
* as a [[object (grammar)|direct object]].
* to indicate duration of time. E.g., ''multos annos'', "for many years"; ''ducentos annos'', "for 200 years." This is known as the '''accusative of duration of time'''.
* to indicate direction towards which. E.g. ''domum'', "homewards"; ''Romam'', "to Rome" with no preposition needed. This is known as the '''accusative of place to which''', and is equivalent to the [[lative case]] found in some other languages.
* as the subject of an [[indirect statement]] (e.g. ''Dixit '''me''' fuisse saevum'', "He said that '''I''' had been cruel;" in later Latin works, such as the [[Vulgate]], such a construction is replaced by ''quod'' and a regularly structured sentence, having the subject in the nominative: e.g., ''Dixit quod '''ego''' fueram saevus'').
* with case-specific prepositions such as "per" (through), "ad" (to/toward), and "trans" (across).
* in exclamations, such as ''me miseram,'' "wretched me" (spoken by [[Circe]] to [[Odysseus|Ulysses]] in [[Ovid]]'s ''Remedium Amoris;'' note that this is feminine: the masculine form would be me miser<ins>um</ins>).

For the accusative endings, see [[Latin declension]].

==== German ====
[[German language|German]] uses the accusative to mark direct objects and objects of certain [[preposition and postposition|prepositions]], or [[adverb]]s relating to time. The accusative is marked for masculine [[article (grammar)|articles]], [[pronoun]]s, and [[adjective]]s.

=====German articles=====
The masculine forms for [[German articles]], e.g., 'the', 'a/an', 'my', etc., change in the accusative case: they always end in -en. The feminine, neutral and plural forms do not change.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural
|-
| Definite article (the)
| ''den''
| die
| das
| die
|-
| Indefinite article (a/an)
| ''einen''
| eine
| ein
|
|}

For example, "''Hund''" (dog) is a masculine (''der'') word, so the article changes when used in the accusative case:
*''Ich habe einen Hund''. (lit., I have a dog.) In the sentence "a dog" is in the accusative case as it is the second idea (the [[Object (grammar)|object]]) of the sentence.

=====German pronouns=====
Some [[German pronouns]] also change in the accusative case.

=====German prepositions=====
The accusative case is also used after particular German prepositions. These include ''bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um'', after which the accusative case is always used, and ''an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen'' which can govern either the accusative or the dative. The latter prepositions take the accusative when motion or action is specified (being done into/onto the space), but take the dative when location is specified (being done in/on that space). These prepositions are also used in conjunction with certain verbs, in which case it is the verb in question which governs whether the accusative or dative should be used.

=====German adjectives=====
Adjective endings also change in the accusative case. Another factor that determines the endings of adjectives is whether the adjective is being used after a definite article (the), after an indefinite article (a/an) or without any article before the adjective (''many'' green apples).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Plural
|-
| Definite article
| -en
| -e
| -e
| -en
|-
| Indefinite Article
| -en
| -e
| -es
| -en
|-
| No article
| -en
| -e
| -es
| -e
|}

=====German adverbial use=====
In German, the accusative case is also used for some adverbial expressions, mostly temporal ones, as in "''Diesen Abend bleibe ich daheim''" (This evening I'm staying at home), where "''diesen Abend''" is marked as accusative, although not a direct object.

==== Russian ====
In Russian, accusative is used not only to display the direct object of an action, but also to indicate the destination or goal of motion. It is also used with some prepositions. The prepositions ''в'' and ''на'' can both take accusative in situations where they are indicating the goal of a motion.

In the [[Grammatical gender|masculine]], Russian also distinguishes between [[animacy|animate and inanimate]] nouns with regard to the accusative; only the animates carry a [[marker (linguistics)|marker]] in this case.

In fact Russian almost lost the real PIE accusative case, since only singular feminine nouns ending in 'a' have a distinct form. Other words use the genitive case or the nominative case in place of the accusative, depending on their [[animacy]].

==== Armenian ====
While the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] dialects both have a [[de facto]] accusative case, Eastern Armenian uses an accusative marker for transitive verbs<ref>http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Language_Lessons_Chapter_2#Accusative_case</ref>

Example:

գիրք - girkh - book (Nominative) 
ուսուցիչ - usuchičh - teacher (Nominative)

Արամը վերցրեց գիրքը: 
Aramë verchrech girkhë 
Aram took the book.

Արամը սիրում է իր ուսուցչին: 
Aramë sirum ē ir usuchičhin 
Aram loves his teacher.

===Constructed languages===
==== Esperanto ====
[[Esperanto grammar]] involves only two cases, a nominative and an accusative. The accusative is formed by the addition of ''-n'' to the nominative form, and is the case used for direct objects. Other objective functions, including dative functions are achieved with prepositions, all of which normally take the nominative case. Direction of motion can be expressed either by the accusative case, or by the preposition ''al'' (to) with the nominative.

==== Ido ====
In [[Ido]] the ''-n'' suffix is optional, as [[subject–verb–object]] order is assumed when it is not present. Note that this is sometimes done in Esperanto, especially by beginners, but it is considered incorrect while in Ido it is the norm.

===Uralic languages===
==== Finnish ====
According to traditional Finnish grammars, the accusative is the case of a total object, while the case of a partial object is the [[partitive case|partitive]]. The accusative is identical either to the [[nominative case|nominative]] or the [[genitive case|genitive]], except for [[personal pronoun]]s and the personal [[interrogative pronoun]] ''kuka/ken'', which have a special accusative form ending in ''-t''.

The major new Finnish grammar, ''[[Iso suomen kielioppi]]'', breaks with the traditional classification to limit the accusative case to the special case of the personal pronouns and ''kuka/ken''. The new grammar considers other total objects as being in the nominative or genitive case.

==== Hungarian ====
The accusative case in Hungarian applies to nouns, pronouns; even to adjectives and numerals when either of them stands alone in the sense of direct object.

Accusative is formed by the suffix '''''-t'''''. In many cases, ''-t'' is preceded by a suffix-initial vowel, primarily based on specific [[vowel harmony]], resulting in ''-at'', ''-et'', ''-ot'', or ''-öt''. The rules are complex, also involve consonants, and have exceptions. Thus: k''e''rt''et'' (garden), k''é''k''et'' (blue); f''a''l''at'' (wall), h''a''t'''''ot''''' (six); p''o''lc''ot'' (shelf), ny''o''lc'''''at''''' (eight); k''ö''d''öt'' (fog), k''ö''nyv'''''et''''' (book).

In fewer cases, the root of the word is also affected. Word endings ''-a'' or ''-e'' will (even if they are the endings of a preceding suffix) change to ''-á'' and ''-é'', respectively, before ''-t''. E.g.: f''a'' (tree) -> f'''''át'''''. The long vowel of a one-syllable word may get shortened. E.g.: úr (lord) -> ''u''r'''''at'''''. But: b''ú''r (Boer) -> b''ú''r'''''t'''''. If a word has more than one syllable and the last syllable ends in a consonant, the vowel of the last syllable may drop. E.g.: köröm (fingernail) -> ''körm'''öt'''''. But: kör''öm'' (''my'' circle) -> köröm'''''et'''''. Notably, the first-person and second-person personal pronouns have quite unique accusative forms (indeed, as indicated in the table, in the singular case the ending ''-et'' is rather optional, even considered archaic).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Nominative
! Accusative
|-
| first-person singular (I)
| én
| ''engem(et)''
|-
| second-person singular (you)
| te
| ''téged(et)''
|-
| third-person singular (he/she/it)
| ő
| őt
|-
| first-person plural (we)
| mi
| ''minket''
|-
| second-person plural (you)
| ti
| ''titeket''
|-
| third-person plural (they)
| ők
| őket
|}

=== Semitic languages ===

Accusative case marking existed in [[Proto-Semitic]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], and [[Ugaritic]]. It is preserved today only in [[literary Arabic]] and [[Ge'ez]].

==== Akkadian ====

:Nominative: ''awīlum'' (a/the man)
:Accusative: ''apaqqid awīlam'' (I trust a/the man)

==== Classical Arabic ====

:Nominative: ''rajulun'' (a man)
:Accusative: ''as'alu rajulan'' (I ask a man) ''as'alu ar-rajula'' (I ask the man)

The accusative case is called in Arabic النصب ''an-naṣb'', and it has many other uses in addition to marking the object of a verb.

== See also ==
*[[Nota accusativi]]
*[[Accusative absolute]]
*[[Morphosyntactic alignment]]

==Notes==

==External links==
* Russian Accusative: [http://www.russianlessons.net/grammar/nouns_accusative.php], [http://www.russian-plus.com/Cases/accusative-case.html], [http://www.russian-resources.info/links.aspx/grammar/nouns/acc], [http://www.learnrussian.net/learn-russian-accusative-case.html]
* [http://www.deutsched.com/Grammar/Lessons/0203accusative.php German Accusative Case] Grammar lesson covering the accusative case in the German language
* [http://arabic.tripod.com/CaseSigns.htm Arabic case endings]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Accusative Case}}
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]

Accusative case - Revision history

Beza 1598: /* External links */

Nick: Protected "Accusative case" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

Nick: New page: The '''accusative case''' (abbreviated {{sc|'''acc'''}}) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a [[transitive v...