High German languages

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The High German languages (in German, Hochdeutsche Sprachen) or the High German dialects (Hochdeutsche Mundarten/Dialekte) are any of the varieties of standard German, Luxembourgish and Yiddish, as well as the local German dialects spoken in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg and in neighboring portions of Belgium and the Netherlands (Ripuarian dialects in southeast Limburg), France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy, and Poland. The language is also spoken in diaspora in Romania (Transylvania), Russia, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Namibia.

As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms "High German" (in the broader sense), out of which developed standard High German (in the narrower sense), Yiddish and Luxembourgish. It refers to the upland and mountainous areas of central and southern Germany, it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to Low German, which is spoken on the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the north.^[] High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German (Oberdeutsch, this includes the Austrian and Swiss German dialects) and Central German (Mitteldeutsch).^[]

History

The High German dialects as used in central and southern Germany (Saxony, Bavaria) and Austria were an important basis for the development of standard German.^[]

The historical forms of the language are Old High German and Middle High German.

Classification

High German (in the broader sense) is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare English/Low Saxon pan/Pann with German Pfanne ([p] to [pf]), English/Low Saxon two/twee with German zwei ([t] to [ts]), English/Low Saxon make/maken with German machen ([k] to [x]).^[] In the High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift; Sack (like English/Low Saxon "sack/Sack") is pronounced [z̥akx] ([k] to [kx]).

Family tree

Note that divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, as most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "Proto-High German". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.

• Central German (German: Mitteldeutsch)
  • East Central German
    • Lausitzisch-Neumärkisch
    • Upper Saxon
    • North Upper Saxon
    • Thuringian Dialect
    • Silesian German (mostly in Lower Silesia, in Poland)
    • High Prussian
  • Transylvanian Saxon (in Transylvania)
  • West Central German
    • Ripuarian
    • Moselle Franconian, including the Luxembourgish language
    • Rhine Franconian
      • Lorraine Franconian (France)
      • Pfälzisch language
      • Hunsrückisch
        • Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (in Southern Brazil)
    • Central Hessian (Hessian)
    • East Hessian (Hessian)
    • North Hessian (Hessian)
• Transitional areas between Central German and Upper German
  • High Franconian
    • East Franconian German
    • South Franconian German
• Pennsylvania German (in the United States and Canada)
• Upper German (German: Oberdeutsch)
  • Alemannic
    • Swabian
    • Low Alemannic (including one Swiss German dialect: Basel German)
    • Alsatian language (but often also classified as within Low Alemannic)
    • Central Alemannic
    • High Alemannic (including many Swiss German dialects)
    • Highest Alemannic (including Swiss German dialects)
  • Austro-Bavarian (On the use of dialects and Standard German in Austria, see Austrian language)
    • Northern Austro-Bavarian (spoken in Upper Palatinate)
    • Central Austro-Bavarian (includes the dialects of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Austria, Lower Austria and Vienna — see Viennese language)
    • Southern Austro-Bavarian (includes the dialects of Tirol, Carinthia and Styria)
    • Cimbrian (northeastern Italy)
    • Mócheno (Trentino, in Italy)
    • Hutterite German (in Canada and the United States)
• Yiddish
  • Western Yiddish (Germany, France)
  • Eastern Yiddish
    • Northeastern Yiddish (Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Russia, northeastern Poland)
    • Central Yiddish (Poland, Galicia)
    • Southeastern Yiddish (Ukraine, Bessarabia, Romania)
• Texas German, a dialect spoken by descendants of immigrants who settled in the Texas Hill Country region in the mid-19th century.

References

• 1. See the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German".
• 2. Russ, Charles. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, 1989.
• 3. Russ, Charles. The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Routledge, 1994.
• 4. Robinson, Orrin. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Routledge, 1994.

External Links

• Wikipedia Article on High German languages

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List of New Testament minuscules

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List of New Testament uncials

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List of New Testament lectionaries

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