Chapters and verses of the Bible
From Textus Receptus
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Revision as of 14:59, 13 September 2009
The original manuscripts did not contain the chapter and verse divisions in the numbered form familiar to modern readers. Some portions of the original texts were logically divided into parts following the Hebrew alphabet; for instance, the earliest known copies of the book of Isaiah use Hebrew letters for paragraph divisions. (This was different from the acrostic structure of certain texts following the Hebrew alphabet, such as Psalm 119 and the book of Lamentations.) There are other divisions from various sources which are different from what we use today.
The Old Testament began to be put into sections before the Babylonian Captivity (586 BC) with the five books of Moses being put into a 154-section reading program to be used in a three-year cycle. Later (before 536 BC) the Law was put into 54 sections and 669 sub-divisions for reading.
By the time of the Council of Nicaea in AD 325, the New Testament had been divided into paragraphs, although the divisions were different from the modern Bible.
An important canon of the New Testament was proclaimed by Pope Damasus I in the Roman synod of 374. Pope Damasus also induced Jerome, a priest from Antioch, to undertake his famous translation of the entire Bible, both Old and New Testaments, from Hebrew and Greek into Latin, the official language of the time. This translation is known as the Vulgate. The Church continued to finance the very expensive process of copying and providing copies of the Bible to local churches and communities from that point up to and beyond the invention of the printing press, which greatly reduced the cost of producing copies of the Scriptures.
Churchmen Archbishop Stephen Langton and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro determined different schemas for systematic division of the Bible between 1227 and 1248. It is the system of Archbishop Langton on which the modern chapter divisions are based.<ref>Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia.</ref><ref name=Moore/>
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Verses
It is presently unknown how early the Hebrew verse divisions were incorporated into the books that were later chosen as part of the Biblical canon. However, it is beyond dispute that for at least a thousand years the Tanakh has contained an extensive system of multiple levels of section, paragraph, and phrasal divisions that were indicated in Masoretic vocalization and cantillation markings. One of the most frequent of these was a special type of punctuation, the sof passuq, symbol for a full stop or sentence break, resembling the colon mark (:) of English and Latin orthography. With the advent of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into English, Old Testament versifications were made that correspond predominantly with the existing Hebrew full stops, with a few isolated exceptions. A product of meticulous labour and unwearying attention, the Old Testament verse divisions stand today in essentially the same places as they have been passed down since antiquity. Most attribute these to Rabbi Isaac Nathan around 1440.<ref name=Moore>Moore, G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible at JSTOR.</ref>
The first person to divide New Testament chapters into verses was Italian Dominican biblical scholar Santi Pagnini (1470–1541), a system that was never widely adopted.<ref>cite book|title=The Bible: A History|author=Miller, Stephen M., Huber, Robert V.|year=2004|publisher=Good Books|isbn=1561484148|page=173</ref> Robert Estienne created an alternate numbering in his 1551 edition of the Greek New Testament. The first English New Testament to use the verse divisions was a 1557 translation by William Whittingham (c. 1524-1579). The first Bible in English to use both chapters and verses was the Geneva Bible published shortly afterwards in 1560. These verse divisions soon gained acceptance as a standard way to notate verses, and have since been used in nearly all English Bibles.
Unlike the Hebrew of the Old Testament, the structure of the Greek language makes it highly susceptible to being broken up into divisions that would be syntactically inappropriate and even contrary to the sense of the passage. Inexact apportionment of the Greek into verses therefore could easily have obscured the intent, relation, emphasis and force of the words themselves, and thus elicited the most strenuous objections of theologians. The retention of Robert Estienne's verse divisions essentially without alteration is a tribute not only to the inherent utility of his contribution to Bible study, but also to his excellent knowledge of the scriptures and grasp of the fine points of the ancient Greek language.
Comprehension
Versification exists as a convenience to the reader. As an aid to memorization, or as a means of finding the same lines during a discussion, versification may be useful. However, it may also lead toward the conclusion that only a few lines need be taken together in order to interpret them.Template:Fact The impulse to conceive of verses as independent, isolated units of meaning is strong, despite efforts on the part of Biblical scholars to discourage this.
Some scholars contend that any statement in the Bible should be understood in context. Interpretation of isolated verses often leads to misunderstandings that would be clear if the same words were studied in context.
For example, the Bible says: "There is no God." The complete sentence, from {{#if:| }}Psalm 14:1, reads, "The fool hath said in his heart, 'There is no God.'" The meaning, in context, is quite different from the meaning, in isolation, of the last four words.
Some sentences in the Bible are divided across several verses. As an example, Template:Bibleref says, "for all have sinned and come short of the glory of God," in the King James Version. However, this verse is only part of a longer sentence spanning verses 22-25.
Statistics
The following apply to the King James Version of Bible in its Protestant form, i.e. including the New Testament but none of the deuterocanonical books.
- Chapters
- There are 929 chapters in the Old Testament and 260 chapters in the New Testament. This gives a total of 1,189 chapters (on average, 18 per book).
- {{#if:| }}Psalm 117 is the middle chapter of the Bible, being the 595th Chapter.<ref name=midbible>The Center of the Bible at BreakTheChain.org</ref>
- Psalm 117 is also the shortest chapter of the Bible.
- {{#if:| }}Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible.
- Verses
- There are 23,145 verses in the Old Testament and 7,957 verses in the New Testament. This gives a total of 31,102 verses,<ref>Number of chapters and verses in each book at BlueLetterBible.org</ref> which is an average of a little more than 26 verses per chapter.
- Contrary to popular belief, Psalm 118 does not contain the middle verse of the Bible. The King James Version has an even number of verses (31,102), with the two middle verses being {{#if:| }}Psalm 103:1-2.<ref>King James Bible Statistics at BibleBelievers.com</ref>
- {{#if:1|1 }}Chronicles 1:25 ("Eber, Peleg, Reu") is the shortest verse in the Old Testament.
- {{#if:1|1 }}Thessalonians 5:16 ("παντοτε χαιρετε", "Rejoice always") is the shortest verse in the original Greek of the New Testament.<ref>First Thessalonians 5:12-28, John Walvoord at Bilbe.org</ref>
- Template:Bibleref ("Dicet enim") is the shortest verse in the Latin Vulgate.<ref>Isaias 10 at LatinVulgate.com</ref>
- Template:Bibleref ("Jesus wept") is the shortest verse in most English translations. Some translations — including the New International Version, New Living Translation, New Life Version, Holman Christian Standard Bible and New International Reader's Version — render {{#if:| }}Job 3:2 as "He said". However, this is a translators' condensation of the Hebrew which literally translated is "And Job answered and said."
- {{#if:| }}Esther 8:9 is the longest verse in the Masoretic Text. The discovery of several manuscripts at Qumran (in the Dead Sea Scrolls) has reopened what is considered the most original text of 1 Samuel 11; if one believes that those manuscripts better preserve the text, several verses in 1 Samuel 11 surpass Esther 8:9 in length.
