The Muratorian Fragment

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last page of the Canon Muratori, as published by Tregelles 1868

The Muratorian fragment is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of the books of the New Testament. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a 7th-century Latin manuscript bound in a 7th or 8th century codex from the library of Columban's monastery at Bobbio; it contains features suggesting it is a translation from a Greek original written about 170 or as late as the 4th century. Both the degraded condition of the manuscript and the poor Latin in which it was written have made it difficult to translate. The beginning of the fragment is missing, and it ends abruptly. The fragment consists of all that remains of a section of a list of all the works that were accepted as canonical by the churches known to its anonymous original compiler. It was discovered in the Ambrosian Library in Milan by Father Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), the most famous Italian historian of his generation, and published in 1740.^[]

Characteristics

The text of the list itself is traditionally dated to about 170 because its author refers to Pius I, bishop of Rome (142—157), as recent:

But Hermas wrote The Shepherd very recently, in our times, in the city of Rome, while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the chair of the church of the city of Rome. And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among the Prophets, whose number is complete, or among the Apostles, for it is after their time.

A few scholars^[] have also dated it as late as the 4th century, but their arguments have not won widespread acceptance in the scholarly community. For more detail, see the article in the Anchor Bible Dictionary. Bruce Metzger has advocated the traditional dating.^[]

The unidentified author accepts four Gospels, the last two of which are Luke and John, but the names of the first two at the beginning of the list are missing. Also accepted by the author are the "Acts of all Apostles" and 13 of the Pauline Epistles (the Epistle to the Hebrews is not mentioned in the fragment). The author considers spurious the letters claiming to have Paul as author that are ostensibly addressed to the Laodiceans and to the Alexandrians. Of these he says they are "forged in Paul's name to [further] the heresy of Marcion."

Of the General epistles, the author accepts the Epistle of Jude and says that two epistles "bearing the name of John are counted in the Catholic Church", 1 and 2 Peter and James are not mentioned in the fragment. It is clear that the author assumed that the author of the Gospel of John was the same as the author of the First Epistle of John, for in the middle of discussing the Gospel of John he says "what marvel then is it that John brings forward these several things so constantly in his epistles also, saying in his own person, "What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled that have we written," (1 John 1:1) which is a quotation from the First Epistle of John. It is not clear whether the other epistle in question is 2 John or 3 John. Another indication that the author identified the Gospel writer John with two epistles bearing John's name is that when he specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to the above mentioned John." In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John; indeed, by calling the author of the Apocalypse of John the "predecessor" of Paul, who, he assumes, wrote to seven churches (Rev 2–3) before Paul wrote to seven churches, he most likely has in mind the gospel writer, since he assumes that the writer of the Gospel of John was an eyewitness disciple who knew Jesus, and thus preceded Paul, who joined the church only a few years after Jesus' death.^[]

In addition to receiving the Apocalypse of John into the church canon, the author remarks that they also receive the Apocalypse of Peter, although "some of us will not allow the latter to be read in church." However, it is not certain whether this refers to the Greek Apocalypse of Peter or the quite different Coptic Apocalypse of Peter, the latter of which, unlike the former, was Gnostic. The author also includes the Book of Wisdom, "written by the friends of Solomon in his honour" in the canon.

Notes

Other sources

According to The Catholic Encyclopaedia, lines of the Muratorian fragment are preserved in "some other manuscripts", including codices of Paul's Epistles at the abbey of Monte Cassino.

External links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Canon Muratori.jpg|thumb|right|last page of the Canon Muratori, as published by Tregelles 1868]]
-The '''Muratorian fragment''' is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of the books of the [[New Testament]]. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a 7th-century [[Latin]] manuscript bound in a 7th or 8th century [[codex]] from the library of [[Columban]]'s monastery at [[Bobbio]]; it contains features suggesting it is a translation from a [[Greek language|Greek]] original written about 170 or as late as the [[Christianity in the 4th century#Defining scripture|4th century]]. Both the degraded condition of the manuscript and the poor Latin in which it was written have made it difficult to translate. The beginning of the fragment is missing, and it ends abruptly. The fragment consists of all that remains of a section of a list of all the works that were accepted as [[Biblical canon|canonical]] by the churches known to its anonymous original compiler. It was discovered in the [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana|Ambrosian Library]] in [[Milan]] by Father [[Ludovico Antonio Muratori]] (1672–1750), the most famous Italian historian of his generation, and published in 1740.<sup>[]</sup>
+The '''Muratorian fragment''' is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of the books of the [[New Testament]]. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a 7th-century [[Latin]] manuscript bound in a 7th or 8th century [[codex]] from the library of [[Columban]]'s monastery at [[Bobbio]]; it contains features suggesting it is a translation from a [[Greek language|Greek]] original written about [[170 AD|170]] or as late as the [[Christianity in the 4th century#Defining scripture|4th century]]. Both the degraded condition of the manuscript and the poor Latin in which it was written have made it difficult to translate. The beginning of the fragment is missing, and it ends abruptly. The fragment consists of all that remains of a section of a list of all the works that were accepted as [[Biblical canon|canonical]] by the churches known to its anonymous original compiler. It was discovered in the [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana|Ambrosian Library]] in [[Milan]] by Father [[Ludovico Antonio Muratori]] ([[1672 AD|1672]]–[[1750 AD|1750]]), the most famous Italian historian of his generation, and published in [[1740 AD|1740]].<sup>[]</sup>
 == Characteristics ==
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 : But Hermas wrote [[The Shepherd of Hermas|''The Shepherd'']] very recently, in our times, in the city of Rome, while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the chair of the church of the city of Rome. And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among the Prophets, whose number is complete, or among the Apostles, for it is after their time.
-A few scholars<ref>Hahneman, Geoffrey Mark. ''The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon.'' (Oxford: Clarendon) 1992. Sundberg, Albert C., Jr. "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1509348 Canon Muratori: A Fourth Century List]" in ''Harvard Theological Review'' '''66''' (1973): 1–41.</ref> have also dated it as late as the [[Christianity in the 4th century#Defining scripture|4th century]], but their arguments have not won widespread acceptance in the scholarly community. For more detail, see the article in the ''[[Anchor Bible Series#Anchor Bible Dictionary|Anchor Bible Dictionary]]''. [[Bruce Metzger]] has advocated the traditional dating.<sup>[]</sup>
+A few scholars<sup>[]</sup> have also dated it as late as the [[Christianity in the 4th century#Defining scripture|4th century]], but their arguments have not won widespread acceptance in the scholarly community. For more detail, see the article in the ''[[Anchor Bible Series#Anchor Bible Dictionary|Anchor Bible Dictionary]]''. [[Bruce Metzger]] has advocated the traditional dating.<sup>[]</sup>
 The unidentified author accepts four [[Gospel]]s, the last two of which are [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] and [[Gospel of John|John]], but the names of the first two at the beginning of the list are missing. Also accepted by the author are the "[[Acts of the Apostles|Acts of all Apostles]]" and 13 of the [[Pauline Epistles]] (the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] is not mentioned in the fragment). The author considers spurious the letters claiming to have [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] as author that are ostensibly addressed [[Epistle to the Laodiceans|to the Laodiceans]] and [[Epistle to the Alexandrians|to the Alexandrians]]. Of these he says they are "forged in Paul's name to [further] the heresy of [[Marcion]]."
-Of the [[General epistles]], the author accepts the [[Epistle of Jude]] and says that two epistles "bearing the name of John are counted in the [[Catholic Church]]", [[First Epistle of Peter|1]] and [[Second Epistle of Peter|2 Peter]] and [[Epistle of James|James]] are not mentioned in the fragment. It is clear that the author assumed that the author of the Gospel of John was the same as the author of the First Epistle of John, for in the middle of discussing the Gospel of John he says "what marvel then is it that John brings forward these several things so constantly ''in his epistles also,'' saying in his own person, "What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled that have we written," (1 John 1:1) which is a  quotation from the [[First Epistle of John]]. It is not clear whether the other [[Epistles of John|epistle]] in question is [[2 John]] or [[3 John]].  Another indication that the author identified the Gospel writer John with two epistles bearing John's name is that when he specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to ''the above mentioned John.''" In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John; indeed, by calling the author of the [[Apocalypse of John]] the "predecessor" of Paul, who, he assumes, wrote to seven churches (Rev 2–3) before Paul wrote to seven churches, he most likely has in mind the gospel writer, since he assumes that the writer of the Gospel of John was an eyewitness disciple who knew Jesus, and thus preceded Paul, who joined the church only a few years after Jesus' death.<sup>[]</sup>
+Of the [[General epistles]], the author accepts the [[Epistle of Jude]] and says that two epistles "bearing the name of John are counted in the [[Catholic Church]]", [[First Epistle of Peter|1]] and [[Second Epistle of Peter|2 Peter]] and [[Epistle of James|James]] are not mentioned in the fragment. It is clear that the author assumed that the author of the Gospel of John was the same as the author of the First Epistle of John, for in the middle of discussing the Gospel of John he says "what marvel then is it that John brings forward these several things so constantly ''in his epistles also,'' saying in his own person, "What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled that have we written," ([[1 John 1:1]]) which is a  quotation from the [[First Epistle of John]]. It is not clear whether the other [[Epistles of John|epistle]] in question is [[2 John]] or [[3 John]].  Another indication that the author identified the Gospel writer John with two epistles bearing John's name is that when he specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to ''the above mentioned John.''" In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John; indeed, by calling the author of the [[Apocalypse of John]] the "predecessor" of Paul, who, he assumes, wrote to seven churches (Rev 2–3) before Paul wrote to seven churches, he most likely has in mind the gospel writer, since he assumes that the writer of the Gospel of John was an eyewitness disciple who knew Jesus, and thus preceded Paul, who joined the church only a few years after Jesus' death.<sup>[]</sup>
 In addition to receiving the [[Apocalypse of John]] into the church canon, the author remarks that they also receive the ''Apocalypse of Peter'', although "some of us will not allow the latter to be read in church." However, it is not certain whether this refers to the ''[[Apocalypse of Peter|Greek Apocalypse of Peter]]'' or the quite different ''[[Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter|Coptic Apocalypse of Peter]]'', the latter of which, unlike the former, was [[Gnostic]]. The author also includes the [[Book of Wisdom]], "written by the friends of [[Solomon]] in his honour" in the canon.

The Muratorian Fragment

From Textus Receptus

Revision as of 14:03, 25 January 2015

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