Chi
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| - | Chi | + | '''Chi''' ([[uppercase]] '''Χ''', [[lowercase]] '''χ'''; χῖ) is the 22nd letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], pronounced as ˈkaɪ in English. |
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| + | ==Greek== | ||
| + | ===Pronunciation=== | ||
| + | ====Ancient Greek==== | ||
| + | Its value in [[Ancient Greek]] was an aspirated [[voiceless velar plosive|velar stop]] /kʰ/ (in the [[Western Greek alphabet]]: /ks/). | ||
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| + | ====Koine Greek==== | ||
| + | In [[Koine Greek]] and later dialects it became a [[Fricative consonant|fricative]] along with [[Theta (letter)|Θ]] and [[Phi (letter)|Φ]]. | ||
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| + | ====Modern Greek==== | ||
| + | In [[Modern Greek]], it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of [[close vowel|high]] or [[front vowel]]s (/e/ or /i/) it is pronounced as a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] [ç], as in [[German language|German]] ''ich'' or like the ''h'' in some pronunciations of the [[English language|English]] words ''hew'' and ''human''. In front of [[open vowel|low]] or [[back vowel]]s (/a/, /o/ or /u/) and [[consonants]], it is pronounced as a [[voiceless velar fricative]] ([x]), as in German ''ach''. Chi is [[Romanization of Greek|Romanized]] as <ch> in most systematic transliteration conventions, but also sometimes as <h> or <x> in informal practice. | ||
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| + | ===Greek numeral=== | ||
| + | In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 600. | ||
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| + | ===Xi=== | ||
| + | In ancient times, some [[History of the Greek alphabet#Epichoric alphabets|local forms]] of the [[Greek alphabet]] used the chi instead of [[Xi (letter)|xi]] to represent the /ks/ sound. This was borrowed into the early [[Latin]] language, which led to the letter X being used for the same sound in Latin, and the modern languages which use the [[Latin alphabet]]. | ||
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| + | ==Cyrillic== | ||
| + | Chi was also included in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] as the letter [[kha|Х]], with the phonetic value /x/ or /h/. | ||
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| + | ==International Phonetic Alphabet== | ||
| + | In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], chi is the symbol for the [[voiceless uvular fricative]]. | ||
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| + | ==Chiasmus== | ||
| + | Chi is the basis for the name [[Chiastic structure]] and the name of [[Chiasmus]]. | ||
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| + | ==Symbolism== | ||
| + | In [[Plato]]'s [[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]], it is explained that the two bands which form the [[Anima mundi (spirit)|soul of the world]] cross each other like the letter Χ. | ||
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| + | Chi or [[X]] is often used to abbreviate the name [[Christ#.CE.A7|Christ]], as in the holiday [[Christmas]] ([[Xmas]]). When fused within a single typespace with the Greek letter [[Rho (letter)|Rho]], it is called the [[labarum]] and used to represent the person of Jesus Christ. | ||
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| + | ==Math and science== | ||
| + | [[Chi-squared|Chi]] is also frequently used in [[statistics]]. | ||
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| + | In [[Algebraic Topology]], Chi is used to represent the [[Euler Characteristic]] of a surface. | ||
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| + | The [[optic chiasm]], an x-shaped connection of the [[optic nerves]] leading to the eye, got its name from the letter chi because of its shape;<sup>[1]</sup> likewise, the shape of the letter chi is the origin of the [[rhetorical device]] [[chiasmus]]. | ||
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| + | In [[EN 1993]], an [[European Standard]] for the design of steel structures, the chi character is used as a symbol for the reduction factor for the relevant [[buckling]] load. | ||
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| + | ==References== | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Chi (disambiguation)]] | ||
| + | *[[Kha|Х, х - Kha (Cyrillic)]] | ||
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| + | [[Category:Greek letters]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]] | ||
Revision as of 06:36, 4 April 2011
Chi (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; χῖ) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced as ˈkaɪ in English.
Contents |
Greek
Pronunciation
Ancient Greek
Its value in Ancient Greek was an aspirated velar stop /kʰ/ (in the Western Greek alphabet: /ks/).
Koine Greek
In Koine Greek and later dialects it became a fricative along with Θ and Φ.
Modern Greek
In Modern Greek, it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of high or front vowels (/e/ or /i/) it is pronounced as a voiceless palatal fricative [ç], as in German ich or like the h in some pronunciations of the English words hew and human. In front of low or back vowels (/a/, /o/ or /u/) and consonants, it is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative ([x]), as in German ach. Chi is Romanized as <ch> in most systematic transliteration conventions, but also sometimes as <h> or <x> in informal practice.
Greek numeral
In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 600.
Xi
In ancient times, some local forms of the Greek alphabet used the chi instead of xi to represent the /ks/ sound. This was borrowed into the early Latin language, which led to the letter X being used for the same sound in Latin, and the modern languages which use the Latin alphabet.
Cyrillic
Chi was also included in the Cyrillic alphabet as the letter Х, with the phonetic value /x/ or /h/.
International Phonetic Alphabet
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, chi is the symbol for the voiceless uvular fricative.
Chiasmus
Chi is the basis for the name Chiastic structure and the name of Chiasmus.
Symbolism
In Plato's Timaeus, it is explained that the two bands which form the soul of the world cross each other like the letter Χ.
Chi or X is often used to abbreviate the name Christ, as in the holiday Christmas (Xmas). When fused within a single typespace with the Greek letter Rho, it is called the labarum and used to represent the person of Jesus Christ.
Math and science
Chi is also frequently used in statistics.
In Algebraic Topology, Chi is used to represent the Euler Characteristic of a surface.
The optic chiasm, an x-shaped connection of the optic nerves leading to the eye, got its name from the letter chi because of its shape;[1] likewise, the shape of the letter chi is the origin of the rhetorical device chiasmus.
In EN 1993, an European Standard for the design of steel structures, the chi character is used as a symbol for the reduction factor for the relevant buckling load.
