Lectio difficilior potior

From Textus Receptus

Revision as of 10:19, 27 April 2019 by KJV (Talk | contribs)

(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)

Lectio difficilior potior (Latin for "the more difficult reading is the stronger") is a main principle of textual criticism. Where different manuscripts conflict on a particular word, the principle suggests that the more unusual one is more likely the original. The presupposition is that scribes would more often replace odd words and hard sayings with more familiar and less controversial ones, than vice versa.^[1] It will readily be seen that lectio difficilior potior is an internal criterion, which is independent of criteria for evaluating the manuscript in which it is found,^[2] and that it is as applicable to manuscripts of a roman courtois or a classical poet as it is to a biblical text.

The principle was one among a number that became established in early eighteenth-century text criticism, as part of attempts by scholars of the Enlightenment to provide a neutral basis for discovering an urtext, independent of the weight of traditional authority. The principle was first laid down by Johann Albrecht Bengel, in his Prodromus Novi Testamenti Graeci Rectè Cautèque Adornandi, 1725, and employed in his Novum Testamentum Graecum, 1734.^[3] It was widely promulgated by Johann Jakob Wettstein, to whom it is often attributed.^[4]

Many scholars considered the employment of lectio difficilior potior such an objective criterion that it would override other evaluative considerations.^[5] The poet and scholar A. E. Housman challenged such reactive applications in 1922, in the provocatively titled article "The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism".^[6]

It is possible to apply the principle even more widely, is as an approach to lateral thinking, and even in politics where it highlights the chief flaw in democracy, that what seems to the mass electorate to be the obvious course of action may in fact be the least appropriate.

On the other hand, taken as an axiom, the principle lectio difficilior produces an eclectic text rather than one based on a history of manuscript transmission. "Modern eclectic praxis operates on a variant unit basis without any apparent consideration of the consequences", Maurice Robinson (ref.) has warned, suggesting that to the principle, "the reading which would be more difficult as a scribal creation is to be preferred should be added a corollary, difficult readings created by individual scribes do not tend to perpetuate in any significant degree within transmissional history".^[7]

Robinson, as a noted proponent of the superiority of the Byzantine text-type, the form of the Greek New Testament that is found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, would use this corollary to explain differences from the Majority text as scribal errors which were not perpetuated because they were known to be errant or that existed only in a small number of manuscripts at the time. The majority of textual-critical scholars would explain the corollary by the assumption that scribes tended to "correct" harder readings, and thus cut off the stream of transmission, so that earlier manuscripts would have the harder readings and later ones would not; hence they would not see the corollary principle as being a very important one for bringing us closer to the original form of the text.

However, lectio difficilior is not to be taken as an absolute rule either, but as a general guideline: "In general the more difficult reading is to be preferred", is Bruce Metzger's reservation.^[8] "There is truth in the maxim: lectio difficilior lectio potior ('the more difficult reading is the more probable reading')", write Kurt and Barbara Aland.^[9] But for scholars like Kurt Aland, (who claim to follow a path of reasoned eclecticism that is based on evidence both internal and external to the manuscripts, but usually reject most Byzantine readings), "this principle must not be taken too mechanically, with the most difficult reading (lectio difficillima) adopted as original simply because of its degree of difficulty".^[10] And Martin L. West cautions, "When we choose the 'more difficult reading'...we must be sure that it is in itself a plausible reading. The principle should not be used in support of dubious syntax, or phrasing that it would not have been natural for the author to use. There is an important difference between a more difficult reading and a more unlikely reading".^[11]

References

1. Maurice A. Robinson, "New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority", 2001.
2. Tov, Emanuel (October 1982). "Criteria for Evaluating Textual Readings: The Limitations of Textual Rules". The Harvard Theological Review 75 (4): 429–448 esp. pp. 439ff. Retrieved 2012-12-16.
3. Noted in an observation by Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener in A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New testament (E. Miller, ed. 1894:vol. ii, p. 247) by W.L. Lorimer, ""Lectio Difficilior", The Classical Review 48.5 (November 1934:171).
4. E.g. by H. J. Rose in The Classical Review 48 (126 note 2, corrected by Lorimer 1934.
5. Tov 1982:432.
6. Proceedings of the Classical Association 18 (1922), pp67-84.
7. Robinson 2001
8. Italics supplied. Bruce Metzger, The Text of the New Testament, II.i.1, p. 209
9. Aland, The Text of the New Testament, pp. 275-276; the Alands' twelve basic principles of textual criticism are reported on-line.
10. Aland 1995, p. 276.
11. West 1973, p. 51.

Maurice A. Robinson, 2001. "New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority"
D. A. Carson, 1991. "Silent in the Churches" in Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism, Wayne Grudem and John Piper, eds. (Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood).
Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, rev, ed. 1995. The Text of the New Testament an Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
Martin L. West, 1973. Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique applicable to Greek and Latin texts (Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner)

The King James Version 2023 Edition New Testament is now complete and in print format here.

Internal Links

Old Testament - New Testament KJV 1900

New Testament KJV 2016

Scrivener's 1894 Textus Receptus

2016 Urdu New Testament (TR Based)

Russian Synodal Version (TR Based)

Reina Valera Gómez Spanish (TR Based)

Marginal Notes in the 1611 Authorized Version

Ephesians 3:9

Why We Should Not Passover Easter 1, 2, & 3

Will Kinney

List of TR/KJV based foreign bibles

List of New Testament minuscules

List of New Testament lectionaries

^{List of New Testament Papyri}

𝔓¹ · 𝔓² · 𝔓³ · 𝔓⁴ · 𝔓⁵ · 𝔓⁶ · 𝔓⁷ · 𝔓⁸ · 𝔓⁹ · 𝔓¹⁰ · 𝔓¹¹ · 𝔓¹² · 𝔓¹³ · 𝔓¹⁴ · 𝔓¹⁵ · 𝔓¹⁶ · 𝔓¹⁷ · 𝔓¹⁸ · 𝔓¹⁹ · 𝔓²⁰ · 𝔓²¹ · 𝔓²² · 𝔓²³ · 𝔓²⁴ · 𝔓²⁵ · 𝔓²⁶ · 𝔓²⁷ · 𝔓²⁸ · 𝔓²⁹ · 𝔓³⁰ · 𝔓³¹ · 𝔓³² · 𝔓³³ · 𝔓³⁴ · 𝔓³⁵ · 𝔓³⁶ · 𝔓³⁷ · 𝔓³⁸ · 𝔓³⁹ · 𝔓⁴⁰ · 𝔓⁴¹ · 𝔓⁴² · 𝔓⁴³ · 𝔓⁴⁴ · 𝔓⁴⁵ · 𝔓⁴⁶ · 𝔓⁴⁷ · 𝔓⁴⁸ · 𝔓⁴⁹ · 𝔓⁵⁰ · 𝔓⁵¹ · 𝔓⁵² · 𝔓⁵³ · 𝔓⁵⁴ · 𝔓⁵⁵ · 𝔓⁵⁶ · 𝔓⁵⁷ · 𝔓⁵⁸ · 𝔓⁵⁹ · 𝔓⁶⁰ · 𝔓⁶¹ · 𝔓⁶² · 𝔓⁶³ · 𝔓⁶⁴ · 𝔓⁶⁵ · 𝔓⁶⁶ · 𝔓⁶⁷ · 𝔓⁶⁸ · 𝔓⁶⁹ · 𝔓⁷⁰ · 𝔓⁷¹ · 𝔓⁷² · 𝔓⁷³ · 𝔓⁷⁴ · 𝔓⁷⁵ · 𝔓⁷⁶ · 𝔓⁷⁷ · 𝔓⁷⁸ · 𝔓⁷⁹ · 𝔓⁸⁰ · 𝔓⁸¹ · 𝔓⁸² · 𝔓⁸³ · 𝔓⁸⁴ · 𝔓⁸⁵ · 𝔓⁸⁶ · 𝔓⁸⁷ · 𝔓⁸⁸ · 𝔓⁸⁹ · 𝔓⁹⁰ · 𝔓⁹¹ · 𝔓⁹² · 𝔓⁹³ · 𝔓⁹⁴ · 𝔓⁹⁵ · 𝔓⁹⁶ · 𝔓⁹⁷ · 𝔓⁹⁸ · 𝔓⁹⁹ · 𝔓¹⁰⁰ · 𝔓¹⁰¹ · 𝔓¹⁰² · 𝔓¹⁰³ · 𝔓¹⁰⁴ · 𝔓¹⁰⁵ · 𝔓¹⁰⁶ · 𝔓¹⁰⁷ · 𝔓¹⁰⁸ · 𝔓¹⁰⁹ · 𝔓¹¹⁰ · 𝔓¹¹¹ · 𝔓¹¹² · 𝔓¹¹³ · 𝔓¹¹⁴ · 𝔓¹¹⁵ · 𝔓¹¹⁶ · 𝔓¹¹⁷ · 𝔓¹¹⁸ · 𝔓¹¹⁹ · 𝔓¹²⁰ · 𝔓¹²¹ · 𝔓¹²² · 𝔓¹²³ · 𝔓¹²⁴ · 𝔓¹²⁵ · 𝔓¹²⁶ · 𝔓¹²⁷ · 𝔓¹²⁸ · 𝔓¹²⁹ · 𝔓¹³⁰ · 𝔓¹³¹ · 𝔓¹³² · 𝔓¹³³ · 𝔓¹³⁴ · 𝔓¹³⁵ · 𝔓¹³⁶ · 𝔓¹³⁷ · 𝔓¹³⁸ · 𝔓¹³⁹ · 𝔓¹⁴⁰ ·