Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu

From Textus Receptus

The modern Hindi language and Urdu language are mutually intelligible in colloquial form, but use different scripts when written, and have mutually unintelligible literary forms. The history of Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu is closely linked, with the early translators of "Hindustani" simply producing the same version with different fonts.

The first translation of part of the Bible in Hindi, Genesis, was made in manuscript by Benjamin Schultze (1689-1760),^[1] a German Missionary, who arrived in India to establish an English mission in 1726 and worked on completing Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's Bible translations into Tamil and then Bible translations into Telugu.^[2] His translation of parts of Genesis was published in Halle in 1745 along with a grammar of the local Hindi language he had encountered in Madras.

Hindi

John 3:16 क्योंकि परमेश्वर ने जगत से ऐसा प्रेम रखा कि उस ने अपना एकलौता पुत्र दे दिया, ताकि जो कोई उस पर विश्वास करे, वह नाश न हो, परन्तु अनन्त जीवन पाए।^[3]

As with Bible translations into Bengali (his own work), and into Oriya, Sanskrit, Marathi, and Assamese (with the aid of local scholars) an important early stage of the Hindi Bible rests with the work of William Carey in Serampore.^[4] Though this had to be revised by John Parsons of Monghyr.^[5] Carey attracted also the interest of Henry Martyn, later of Persia, to Hindi.^[6] Presbyterian Samuel H. Kellogg who taught at the seminary in Allahabad^[7] headed three translators working on translation of the Old Testament into Hindi, including William Hooper, of the Church Missionary Society, and Joseph Arthur Lambert.^[8] Kellogg's Hindi Grammar (1876, 1893) is still consulted today.^[9] However, 18 years after Kellogg's death in 1899, Edwin Greaves of the London Missionary Society, and author of a Grammar of Modern Hindi (1896, 1908, 1921), in 1917 signalled his concerns about the adequacy of Hindi Bible translations in his Report on Protestant Hindi Christian literature.^[10]

In 2009, Jehovah's Witnesses released नयी दुनिया अनुवाद मसीही यूनानी शास्त्र, a translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (the New Testament) in Hindi.

Urdu

The Bible was first published in the Urdu language in 1843, though the New Testament was published by Benjamin Shultze of the Danish Mission in 1745.^[11] Robert Cotton Mather printed new editions at Mirzapur in 1870.^[12]

Revisions were published in 1989, 1998 and 2005. The Bible is written in Nastaʿlīq script but was also available in Roman Urdu script from the Bible Society of India until the 1960s. In 2004 the Bible was made available online, but in PDF or image format only, due to the difficulties of typesetting the Nastaʿlīq script. In 2009 a Unicode version was made available beginning with the New Testament. The complete Bible online in Unicode is also available.^[13] International Bible Society also published New Urdu Version of Bible, this version is based on New International Version of Bible.

Timeline

1804 an edition of the Gospels in Hindustani issued from the College Press of Fort William. It was translated by Dr. W. Hunter, and was written in the Nagri character.
1805 Henry Martyn arrived in Calcutta, and without delay commenced studying Hindustani.
1805 Gospels (Devanagari character) Hindoostanee Press, Calcutta Translated by Mirza Fitrut and William Hunter of the College of Fort William. Hunter's use of Arabic and Persian loan words to produce a version acceptable to M_sl_m scholars, and the wide audience reached by this and other works by the Fort William scholars, led to....

1814 New Testament Serampore MP [BFBS]
1817 New Testament (Devanagari character) Hindoostanee Press, Calcutta Translated by * Henry Martyn, with the aid of Mirza Fitrut. It still serves as the basis of the Urdu N.T.

1822 Pentateuch Calcutta Auxiliary BS, Serampore
1825-1826 Isaiah, Proverbs, Not published Translated by Mirza Fitrut, and revised by Thomas Thomason and Daniel Corrie.

1828 Genesis (Devanagari character) Church MP, Calcutta Translated by W. Bowley, Church MS."

1829 New Testament (revised) 1829 Genesis-2 Kings Calcutta Auxiliary BS, Serampore Revised and expanded by W. H. Mill, T. Thomason, D. Corrie, and others.

1836 Matthew (Roman character) Baptist MP, Calcutta The Martyn version, transliterated by J. Thomas, Baptist."

1837 Gospels, Acts (English and Urdu, Roman character) Church MP, Calcutta. A mixed text, including Martyn's version of Matthew, a revision of Mark and John by W. Bowley, and of Luke and Acts by the Benares Translation Committee.

1839 New Testament Baptist MS, American & Foreign BS, Calcutta Translated by William Yates, BMS.

1841 New Testament (Roman character) Calcutta Auxiliary BS Translated by J. Häberlin, Secretary of the Calcutta Auxiliary BS."

1842 New Testament Calcutta Auxiliary BS The Benares Committee version.

1842 New Testament (Roman character) BFBS, London Translated by W. Buyers and J. A. Shurman, LMS.

1842 Psalms Calcutta Auxiliary BS Translated by J. Thomason.

1842 Genesis-Esther
1843 Job- Malachi
1843 Bible (Roman character) Calcutta Auxiliary BS The Benares version, prepared by the Benares Committee who revised their N.T. for the 1843 Bible.

1849 Bible Baptist MP, Calcutta Translated by W. Yates.

1860 New Testament BFBS, London A revision, prepared by C. T. Hoernle, LMS.

1863 Psalms All. abad MP Translated by Joseph Owen, American Presbyterian Mission.

References

1. Gerald H. Anderson Biographical dictionary of Christian missions
2. Herald of library science Volume 11 Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science - 1972 "In 1773, Ferguson's Hindoostani dictionary was published from London. According to Dr L.S. Varshaney, the first translation of the Bible in Hindi appeared in 1725 which was translated by Schultze."
3. https://www.wordproject.org/bibles/in/43/3.htm
4. George Kurian The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, 4 Volume Set - 2011 - Page 378 "With the aid of Indian pandits, Carey translated the entire Bible into six Indian languages – Bengali, Oriya, Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, and Assamese – and parts of it into 29 other languages.
5. Bihar district gazetteers: Volume 7; Volume 7 1957 "Carey at Serampur had translated the whole of Bible in Hindi by the end of 1819. Carey's translation, however, was rather heavy and had to be re-done which John Parsons was supposed to have done."
6. Indian church history review Volumes 27-32 Church History Association of India - 1993 "... the first of its kind in India, the Corresponding Committee ceased to exist, its responsibilities passing to the Calcutta ... brilliant, frail Cambridge scholar, Henry Martyn fired by the vision of translating the Bible into Hindi, Persian and Urdu crossed his path Carey presented him with a copy of his translation of the New Testament into
7. Mal Couch, Russell Penney An introduction to classical evangelical hemeneutics 2000 Page 118 "Kellogg taught at the seminary in Allahabad and completed a monumental grammar on the Hindi language in 1875"
8. Mal Couch Dictionary of Premillennial Theology 1997 Page 228 "Kellogg's final task in India was to head a triad of translators of the Old Testament into Hindi. "So highly did his colleagues regard his knowledge of the Bible and Indie philology that after his death they asked for no successor, ."
9. Jeffrey Cox Imperial fault lines: Christianity and colonial power in India 2002- Page 57 "Their Presbyterian colleague Samuel Kellogg's Hindi Grammar (1876, 1893) is still consulted today."
10. Tej K. Bhatia A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition 1987 Page 163 "48 Two, because of Greaves's serious concerns about the adequacy of existing translations of the Bible into Hindi, utmost attention is paid to the problems of translating English into Hindi. The most important and urgent problem was..
11. "Urdu Bible Translation". http://www.bsind.org/urdu.html. Bible Society of India.
12. British and Foreign Bible Society (1871). Reports of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Society. p. 228. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
13. "Unicode of Urdu Version". Retrieved 5 July 2014.

Hindi Versions

The Hindi Bible, Old Version : Copyright The Bible Society of India 1983 Transliterated Google App Audio Parallel Study ePub of Romanized version
The Hindi Bible, Hindi OV Re-Edited Version : Copyright The Bible Society of India 2002
Easy to Read Version (ERV) : Copyright WBTC India 2007 Audio (Select Hindi) Mobile Apps
Pavitra Bible (a.k.a. Muchalee Bible) : Copyright India Bible Publishers 1991
Hindi-English Bilingual Study Bible : Copyright Sathyam Publications 2011
Hindi Script of Urdu Geo Version : Copyright Geolink Resource Consultants 2010
Hindi Study Bible - New Testament : Dusty Sandals Society 2014
Bali ka Vidhan New Testament : SOW International 2007
Hindi Bible of 1834 (Vol 2: 1 Chronicles - Malachi) by William Bowley/Calcutta Auxiliary Bible Society: In Public Domain
The Holy Bible in the Hindi Language North India Bible Society, Allahabad : In Public Domain
Hindi Bible of 1896 North India Auxiliary Bible Society : In Public Domain
Susamachar, the New Testament in Roman Hindi : Methodist Publishing House (Lucknow, India) 1942
Vachan Deep Catholic Hindi Bible : Archdiocese of Bhopal 2010
New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) Copyright 2009 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

Urdu Versions

Urdu Easy-to-Read Version : Copyright 2007 WBTC Audio (Select Urdu)
Urdu Geo Version : Copyright 2010 Geolink Resource Consultants, LLC. Published by Good Word Communication Services Pvt. Ltd.,
- Persian script pdf
- Devanagari script pdf
- alkalaam.net - Searchable with text display in Persian script (اُردو), Devanagari script (उर्दू), or Roman script (Urdu)
Urdu Revised Urdu Version : Copyright 2010 Pakistan Bible Society Audio (Select Urdu)
Injil-E.-Muqaddas Urdu (Devanagri) : Copyright 2010 Bible Society of India
New Urdu Bible Version (NUBV) : Copyright 2004 Biblica
Urdu Bible / Study Edition with commentary / Catholic : Copyright 2007 Catholic Bible Commission Pakistan

The urdu new testament: a history of its language and its versions 1900. The Bible Society

The King James Version 2023 Edition New Testament is now complete and in print format here.

Internal Links

Old Testament - New Testament KJV 1900

New Testament KJV 2016

Scrivener's 1894 Textus Receptus

2016 Urdu New Testament (TR Based)

Russian Synodal Version (TR Based)

Reina Valera Gómez Spanish (TR Based)

Marginal Notes in the 1611 Authorized Version

Ephesians 3:9

Why We Should Not Passover Easter 1, 2, & 3

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