Hebrew alphabet

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Revision as of 10:53, 24 February 2011

Template:About Template:Contains Hebrew text Template:Infobox Writing system

The Hebrew alphabet (Template:Lang-he-n^[a], Alephbet 'Ivri), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script is used in the writing of the Hebrew language, as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. There have been two script forms in use. The original old Hebrew script is known as the paleo-Hebrew script (which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in the Samaritan script), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of the Aramaic script. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also a cursive Hebrew script, which has also varied over time and place.

The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, five of them have different forms when they are used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants. Like other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, means were later devised to indicate vowels by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as niqqud. In rabbinic Hebrew, the letters Template:Hebrew are also used as matres lectionis to represent vowels. In modern usage of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish (except that Template:Hebrew replaces Template:Hebrew) and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with these letters acting as true vowels.

Before the adoption of the present script, Hebrew was written by the ancient Israelites, both Jews and Samaritans, using the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. During the 3rd century BC, Jews began to use a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet,<ref name="A History of the Hebrew Language">{{

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}}{{#if:||.}} </ref> while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script, called the Samaritan script. The present "square script" Hebrew alphabet is a stylized version of the Aramaic alphabet which was adopted from that used by the Persian Empire (which in turn was adopted from the Arameans). After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews used both scripts before settling on the Aramaic form. For a limited time thereafter, the use of the paleo-Hebrew script among Jews was retained only to write the Tetragrammaton, but soon that custom was also abandoned.Template:Citation needed

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[[File:Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Aleppo Codex: 10th century CE Hebrew Bible with Masoretic pointing. Text of Joshua 1:1]]

According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed alongside others used in the region during the late second and first millennia BC. It is closely related to the Phoenician script, which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in Greece (Greek). A distinct Hebrew variant, called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, emerged by the 10th century BCE,<ref>Ancient Scripts.com:Old Hebrew</ref> an example of which is represented in the Gezer calendar. It was commonly used in the ancient Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

Following the fall of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BC, in the Babylonian exile, Jews adopted the Aramaic script, which was another offshoot of the same family of scripts, evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still in use today and known as the "Hebrew alphabet". The Samaritan script, used in writing Samaritan Hebrew, is descended directly from the paleo-Hebrew script.

The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora - such as Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc. The Hebrew alphabet came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Description

[[File:Mariamagdalena grt.jpg|thumb|Hebrew script on the bustier of Jan van Scorel's Maria Magdalena, 1530.]]

General

In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants, written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word. The Hebrew alphabet has only one case; there are no distinct capital or lowercase letters.

Vowels

In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph (Template:Hebrew), He (Template:Hebrew), Vav (Template:Hebrew), or Yodh (Template:Hebrew) serving as vowel letters, or matres lectionis: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels.

When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with or without niqqud-diacritics (e.g., respectively: "אָ", "יִ" or "י", "ע", see Yiddish orthography), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.

To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called niqqud (Template:Hebrew, literally "applying points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim, or triliteral roots) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.

The alphabet

Neither the old Hebrew script nor the modern Hebrew script have case, but five letters have special final forms,^[c] called sofit (Heb. סופית, meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets^[b]. These are shown below the normal form, in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard; see variants of names and their pronunciation below). Hebrew is written from right to left.

Alef	Bet	Gimel	Dalet	Hey	Vav	Zayin	Het	Tet	Yod	Kaf
א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	כ
א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	ך
Lamed	Mem	Nun	Samekh	Ayin	Pe	Tsadik	Qof	Resh	Shin	Taf
ל	מ	נ	ס	ע	פ	צ	ק	ר	ש	ת
ל	ם	ן	ס	ע	ף	ץ	ק	ר	ש	ת

Note: The chart reads from right to left.

Pronunciation of letter names

See Hebrew phonology and Yiddish phonology for phonetic guides to the phonemic transcriptions.

letter	Name of letter		Established pronunciation in English<ref name=dict>Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</ref>	standard Israeli pronunciation	colloquial Israeli pronunciation (if differing)	Yiddish / Ashkenazi pronunciation
letter	MW<ref name=dict/>	Unicode		standard Israeli pronunciation	colloquial Israeli pronunciation (if differing)	Yiddish / Ashkenazi pronunciation
א	Aleph	Alef	/ˈɑːlɛf/, /ˈɑːlɨf/	/ˈalef/		/ˈalɛf/
בּ	Beth	Bet	/bɛθ/, /beɪt/	/bet/		/bɛɪs/
ב	Beth	Bet	/bɛθ/, /beɪt/	/bet/		/vɛɪs/
ג	Gimel	Gimel	/ˈɡɪməl/	/ˈɡimel/		/ˈɡimːɛl/
ד	Daleth	Dalet	/ˈdɑːlɨθ/, /ˈdɑːlɛt/	/ˈdalet/	/ˈdaled/	/ˈdalɛd/
ה	He	He	/heɪ/	/he/	/hej/	/hɛɪ/
ו	Waw	Vav	/vɑːv/	/vav/		/vɔv/
ז	Zayin	Zayin	/ˈzaɪ.ɨn/	/ˈzajin/	/ˈza.in/	/ˈzajin/
ח	Heth	Het	/hɛθ/, /xeɪt/	/ħet/	/χet/	/ χɛs/
ט	Teth	Tet	/tɛθ/, /teɪt/	/tet/		/tɛs/
י	Yod	Yod	/jɔːd/	/jod/	/jud/	/jud/
כּ	Kaph	Kaf	/kɑːf/	/kaf/		/kɔf/
כ	Kaph	Kaf	/kɑːf/	/kaf/		/χɔf/
ך		Final Kaf		/kaf sofit/		/laŋɡɛ χɔf/
ל	Lamed	Lamed	/ˈlɑːmɛd/	/ˈlamed/		/ˈlamɛd/
מ	Mem	Mem	/mɛm/	/mem/		/mɛm/
ם		Final Mem		/mem sofit/		/ʃlɔs mɛm/
נ	Nun	Nun	/nuːn/	/nun/		/nun/
ן		Final Nun		/nun sofit/		/laŋɡɛ nun/
ס	Samekh	Samekh	/ˈsɑːmɛk/	/ˈsameχ/		/ˈsamɛχ/
ע	Ayin	Ayin	/ˈaɪ.ɨn/	/ˈʕajin/	/ˈa.in/	/ˈajin/
פּ	Pe	Pe	/peɪ/	/pe/	/pej/	/pɛɪ/
פ	Pe	Pe	/peɪ/	/pe/	/pej/	/fɛɪ/
ף		Final Pe		/pe sofit/	/pej sofit/	/laŋɡɛ fɛɪ/
צ	Sadhe	Tsadi	/ˈsɑːdə/, /ˈsɑːdi/	/ˈtsadi/	/ˈtsadik/	/ˈtsɔdi/, /ˈtsɔdik/, /ˈtsadɛk/
ץ		Final Tsadi		/ˈtsadi sofit/	/ˈtsadik sofit/	/laŋɡɛ ˈtsadɛk/
ק	Qoph	Qof	/kɔːf/	/kof/	/kuf/	/kuf/
ר	Resh	Resh	/rɛʃ/, /reɪʃ/	/reʃ/	/rejʃ/	/rɛɪʃ/
ש	Shin	Shin	/ʃiːn/, /ʃɪn/	/ʃin/		/ʃin, sin/
תּ	Tav	Tav	/tɑːf/, /tɔːv/	/tav/	/taf/	/tɔv/, /tɔf/
ת	Tav	Tav	/tɑːf/, /tɔːv/	/tav/	/taf/	/sɔv/, /sɔf/

Orthographic variants

Template:Further

The following table displays orthographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have a different final form used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form.

The three lettering variants currently in use are block, cursive and Rashi. Block and Rashi are used in books. Block lettering dominates, with Rashi lettering typically used for certain editorial inserts (as in the glosses of Isserles to the Shulchan Aruch) or biblical commentaries (as in the commentary of Rashi) in various standard literary works. Cursive is used almost exclusively when handwriting, unless block lettering is desired for stylistic purposes (as in signage).

For additional ancestral scripts, see Ancestral scripts and script variants.

Letter name (Unicode)	Variants
	Modern Hebrew				Ancestral
	Serif	Sans- serif	Mono- spaced	Cursive	Rashi	Phoenician	Paleo-Hebrew	Aramaic
Alef	א	א	א	17px	File:Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png	25px\|Aleph	Aleph	20px
Bet	ב	ב	ב	17px	File:Hebrew letter Bet Rashi.png	25px\|Beth	Bet	20px
Gimel	ג	ג	ג	17px	File:Hebrew letter Gimel Rashi.png	25px\|Gimel	Gimel	20px
Dalet	ד	ד	ד	17px	File:Hebrew letter Daled Rashi.png	25px\|Daleth	Daled	20px
He	ה	ה	ה	17px	File:Hebrew letter He Rashi.png	25px\|He	Heh	20px
Vav	ו	ו	ו	17px	File:Hebrew letter Vav Rashi.png	25px\|Waw	Vav	20px
Zayin	ז	ז	ז	17px	File:Hebrew letter Zayin Rashi.png	25px\|Zayin	Zayin	20px
Het	ח	ח	ח	17px	File:Hebrew letter Het Rashi.png	25px\|Heth	Khet	20px
Tet	ט	ט	ט	17px	File:Hebrew letter Tet Rashi.png	25px\|Teth	Tet	20px
Yod	י	י	י	17px	File:Hebrew letter Yud Rashi.png	25px\|Yodh	Yud	20px
Kaf	כ	כ	כ	17px	File:Hebrew letter Kaf-nonfinal Rashi.png	25px\|Kaph	Khof	20px
Final Kaf	ך	ך	ך	17px	File:Hebrew letter Kaf-final Rashi.png	25px\|Kaph	Khof	20px
Lamed	ל	ל	ל	17px	File:Hebrew letter Lamed Rashi.png	25px\|Lamedh	Lamed	20px
Mem	מ	מ	מ	17px	File:Hebrew letter Mem-nonfinal Rashi.png	25px\|Mem	Mem	20px
Final Mem	ם	ם	ם	17px	File:Hebrew letter Mem-final Rashi.png	25px\|Mem	Mem	20px
Nun	נ	נ	נ	17px	File:Hebrew letter Nun-nonfinal Rashi.png	25px\|Nun	Nun	20px
Final Nun	ן	ן	ן	17px	File:Hebrew letter Nun-final Rashi.png	25px\|Nun	Nun	20px
Samekh	ס	ס	ס	17px	File:Hebrew letter Samekh Rashi.png	25px\|Samekh	Samekh	20px
Ayin	ע	ע	ע	17px	File:Hebrew letter Ayin Rashi.png	25px\|Ayin	Ayin	20px
Pe	פ	פ	פ	17px	File:Hebrew letter Pe-nonfinal Rashi.png	25px\|Pe	Pey	20px
Final Pe	ף	ף	ף	17px	File:Hebrew letter Pe-final Rashi.png	25px\|Pe	Pey	20px
Tsadi	צ	צ	צ	17px	File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-nonfinal Rashi.png	25px\|Sade	Tzadi	20px, 20px
Final Tsadi	ץ	ץ	ץ	17px	File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final Rashi.png	25px\|Sade	Tzadi	20px, 20px
Qof	ק	ק	ק	17px	File:Hebrew letter Kuf Rashi.png	25px\|Qoph	Quf	20px
Resh	ר	ר	ר	17px	File:Hebrew letter Resh Rashi.png	25px\|Res	Resh	20px
Shin	ש	ש	ש	17px	File:Hebrew letter Shin Rashi.png	25px\|Sin	Shin	20px
Tav	ת	ת	ת	17px	File:Hebrew letter Taf Rashi.png	25px\|Taw	Tof	20px

Yiddish symbols

Symbol	Explanation
Template:Hebrew	These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew^[d]. See: Yiddish orthography.
Template:Hebrew	The rafe (Template:Hebrew) diacritic is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In masoretic manuscripts and some other older texts the soft fricative consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the YIVO orthography of Yiddish.

Numeric values of letters

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Hebrew letters are also used to denote numbers, nowadays used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the Hebrew calendar, denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g. שלב א׳, שלב ב׳ – "phase a, phase b"), commonly in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) in a practice known as gematria, and often in religious contexts.

letter	numeric value	letter	numeric value	letter	numeric value
א	1	י	10	ק	100
ב	2	כ	20	ר	200
ג	3	ל	30	ש	300
ד	4	מ	40	ת	400
ה	5	נ	50	ך	500
ו	6	ס	60	ם	600
ז	7	ע	70	ן	700
ח	8	פ	80	ף	800
ט	9	צ	90	ץ	900

The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are often represented by the juxtapositions ק״ת, ר״ת, ש״ת, ת״ת, and ק״תת respectively. Adding a geresh ("׳") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5769 is portrayed as ה׳תשס״ט, where ה represents 5000, and תשס״ט represents 769.

Transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters

Main articles: Romanization of Hebrew, Hebrew phonology

The following table lists transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in Modern Hebrew. For Hebrew vowel diacritics, see niqqud; for the phonology of Biblical Hebrew, see Biblical Hebrew; for the Yiddish language, see Yiddish orthography and Yiddish phonology.

Clarifications:

For some letters, the Academy of the Hebrew Language offers a precise transliteration which differs from the regular standard it has set. When omitted, no such precise alternative exists and the regular standard applies.
The IPA phonemic transcription is specified whenever it uses a different symbol than the one used for the regular standard Israeli transliteration.
The IPA phonetic transcription is specified whenever it differs from IPA phonemic transcription.

Note: SBL's transliteration system, recommended in its Handbook of Style,<ref name=SBL>See online overview at Biblical Hebrew Resources</ref> differs slightly from the 2006 precise transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for "ו" SBL uses "v" (≠ AHL "w"), for "צ" SBL uses "ṣ" (≠ AHL "ẓ"), and for בג״ד כפ״ת with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t").

Click "show" to view extended table including examples.
Hebrew letter	example	Translation	Standard Israeli transliteration – regular<ref name=akademya>Transliteration guidelines by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, November 2006</ref>	example	standard Israeli transliteration – precise<ref name=akademya/>	example	IPA phonemic transcription	example	IPA phonetic transcription	example
א consonantal, in initial word positions	אִם	if	none^[A1]	im					Template:IPAblink	[ʔim]
א consonantal, in non initial word positions	שָׁאַל	asked	'	sha'ál	ʾ	shaʾál	Template:IPAslink	/ʃaˈʔal/
א silent	רִאשׁוֹן	first	none^[A2]	rishón
בּ	בֵּן	son	b	ben
ב	טוֹב	good	v	tov
גּ	גַּג	roof	g	gag	g	gaḡ
ג	גַּג	roof	g	gag	ḡ	gaḡ
ג׳	ג׳וּק	roach	ǧ^[B1]<ref name=foreign_sounds>Transliteration guidelines preceding 2006-update, p. 2 Academy of the Hebrew Language</ref>	ǧuk			Template:IPAslink	/d͡ʒuk/
דּ	דּוּד	boiler	d	dud	d	duḏ
ד	דּוּד	boiler	d	dud	ḏ	duḏ
ה consonantal	הֵד	echo	h	hed
ה silent	פֹּה	here	none^[A3]	po
ו consonantal	וָו	hook	v	vav	w	waw
וּ	הוּא	he	u	hu
וֹ	לוֹ	to him	o	lo					Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	[lo̞, lɔ̝]
ז	זֶה	this	z	ze
ז׳	זָ׳רְגוֹן	jargon	ž^[B2]<ref name=foreign_sounds/>	žargón			Template:IPAslink	/ʒarˈɡon/
ח	חַם	hot	ẖ ^[C1]	ẖam	ḥ	ḥam	Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink	/xam/	Template:IPAblink	[χam]
ח	חַם	hot	ẖ ^[C1]	ẖam	ḥ	ḥam	dialectical Template:IPAblink	[ħam]
ט	קָט	tiny	t	kat	ṭ	kaṭ
י consonantal	יָם	sea	y	yam			Template:IPAslink	/jam/
י part of hirik male (/i/ vowel)	בִּי	in me	i	bi
י part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ diphthong)	מֵידָע	information	e	medá	é	médá	Template:IPAslink or /ej/	/meˈda/ or /mejˈda/	Template:IPAblink or /e̞j/	[me̞ˈda] or [me̞jˈda]
כּ, ךּ<ref name="kaf_sofit"/>	כֹּה	so	k	ko
כ, ך	סְכָךְ	branch-roofing	kh ^[C2]	skhakh	ḵ	sḵaḵ	Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink	/sxax/	Template:IPAblink	[sχaχ]
ל	לִי	to me	l	li
מ, ם	מוּם	defect	m	mum
נ, ן	נִין	great-grandson	n	nin
ס	סוֹף	end	s	sof
ע in initial or final word positions	עַדְלֹאיָדַע	Purim-parade	none^[A4]	adloyáda	ʿ	ʿadloyádaʿ			only in initial word position Template:IPAblink	[ˌʔadlo̞ˈjada]
ע in initial or final word positions	עַדְלֹאיָדַע	Purim-parade	none^[A4]	adloyáda	ʿ	ʿadloyádaʿ	dialectical Template:IPAslink	/ˌʕadloˈjadaʕ/
ע in medial word positions	מוֹעִיל	useful	'	mo'íl	ʿ	moʿíl	Template:IPAslink	/moˈʔil/
ע in medial word positions	מוֹעִיל	useful	'	mo'íl	ʿ	moʿíl	dialectical Template:IPAslink	/moˈʕil/
פּ^[D]	טִיפּ	tip	p	tip
פ, ף	פִסְפֵס	missed	f	fisfés
צ, ץ	צִיץ	bud	ts	tsits	ẓ	ẓiẓ	Template:IPAslink	/t͡sit͡s/
צ׳, ץ׳	ריצ׳רץ׳	zip	č^[B3]<ref name=foreign_sounds/>	ríčrač			Template:IPAslink	/ˈrit͡ʃrat͡ʃ/
ק	קוֹל	sound	k	kol	q	qol
ר	עִיר	city	r	ir					Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	[iʀ] or [iʁ]
ר	עִיר	city	r	ir					dialectical Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	[ir] or [iɾ]
שׁ	שָׁם	there	sh	sham	š	šam	Template:IPAslink	/ʃam/
שׂ	שָׂם	put	s	sam	ś	śam
תּ	תּוּת	strawberry	t	tut	t	tuṯ
ת	תּוּת	strawberry	t	tut	ṯ	tuṯ

Hebrew letter	Standard Israeli transliteration – regular<ref name=akademya/>	standard Israeli transliteration – precise<ref name=akademya/>	IPA phonemic transcription	IPA phonetic transcription
א consonantal, in initial word positions	none^[A1]			Template:IPAblink
א consonantal, in non initial word positions	'	ʾ	Template:IPAslink
א silent	none^[A2]
בּ	b
ב	v
גּ	g	g
ג	g	ḡ
ג׳	ǧ^[B1]<ref name=foreign_sounds/>		Template:IPAslink
דּ	d	d
ד	d	ḏ
ה consonantal	h
ה silent	none^[A3]
ו consonantal	v	w
וּ	u
וֹ	o			Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
ז	z
ז׳	ž^[B2]<ref name=foreign_sounds/>		Template:IPAslink
ח	ẖ^[C1]	ḥ	Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAblink
ח	ẖ^[C1]	ḥ	dialectical Template:IPAblink
ט	t	ṭ
י consonantal	y		Template:IPAslink
י part of hirik male (/i/ vowel)	i
י part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ diphthong)	e	é	Template:IPAslink or /ej/	Template:IPAblink or [e̞j]/
כּ, ךּ<ref name="kaf_sofit"/>	k
כ, ך	kh^[C2]	ḵ	Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAblink
ל	l
מ, ם	m
נ, ן	n
ס	s
ע in initial or final word positions	none^[A4]	ʿ		only in initial word position Template:IPAblink
ע in initial or final word positions	none^[A4]	ʿ	dialectical Template:IPAslink
ע in medial word positions	'	ʿ	Template:IPAslink
ע in medial word positions	'	ʿ	dialectical Template:IPAslink
פּ^[D]	p
פ, ף	f
צ, ץ	ts	ẓ	Template:IPAslink
צ׳, ץ׳	č^[B3]<ref name=foreign_sounds/>		Template:IPAslink
ק	k	q
ר	r			Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
ר	r			dialectical Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
שׁ	sh	š	Template:IPAslink
שׂ	s	ś
תּ	t	t
ת	t	ṯ

Notes

Template:Note label Template:Note label Template:Note label Template:Note label^{A1Template:Note2Template:Note3Template:Note4Template:Note}In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ע (in regular transliteration), silent or initial א, and silent ה are not transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – niqqud (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", [ʔim]), אֵם ("mother", [ʔe̞m]) and אֹם ("nut", [ʔo̞m]), the letter א always represents the same consonant: Template:IPAblink (glottal stop), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the Academy of the Hebrew Language ascertains that א in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop ʾ is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively.

Template:Note label Template:Note label Template:Note label^{B1Template:Note2Template:Note3Template:Note}The diacritic geresh – "׳" – is used with some other letters as well (ד׳, ח׳, ט׳, ע׳, ר׳, ת׳, see geresh), but only to transliterate from other languages to Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard "ו׳" and "וו" ^[e1] are sometimes used to represent Template:IPAslink, which like Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords; see Hebrew Vav for the orthographic variants of vav.

Template:Note label Template:Note label^{C1Template:Note2Template:Note}The Sound Template:IPAslink (as "ch" in loch) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language: חם /χam/ → "cham"; סכך /sχaχ/ → "schach".

Template:Note label^{DTemplate:Note}Although the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh (Book of Proverbs 30, 6: "Template:Hebrew"), in modern Hebrew Template:IPAslink is always represented by pe in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ /ʃop/ "shop"), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ /ˈfilip/ "Philip") and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ /χaˈrap/ "slept deeply").

Pronunciation

Template:Further

The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew. For a concise summary, see the article International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew. For further information on regional and historical variations in pronunciation, see Hebrew phonology.

Letters	א	בּ	ב	ג	גּ	ג׳	ד	דּ	ד׳	ה	ו	וּ	וֹ	וו , ו׳ (non-standard) ^[e2]	ז	ז׳	ח	ט	י
IPA	Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink		Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink		Template:IPAblink	[h~ʔ], Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAblink	[u]	[o̞]	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink
Letters	‏ִי	כּ ךּ <ref name="kaf_sofit"/>	ך כ	ל	ם מ	ן נ	ס	ע	פּ	פ ף	ץ צ	ץ׳ צ׳	ק	ר	שׁ	שׂ	תּ	ת	ת׳
IPA	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink	Template:IPAblink		Template:IPAblink

Shin and sin

Template:Further

Shin and sin are represented by the same letter, Template:Hebrew, but are two separate phonemes. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.

Symbol	Name	Transliteration	IPA	Example
Template:Hebrew (left dot)	sin	s	/s/	sour
Template:Hebrew (right dot)	shin	sh	/ʃ/	shop

Historically, left-dot-sin, corresponds to Proto-Semitic *Template:Transl, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, as is evident in Greek transliteration of Hebrew words such as Balsam (בֹּשֶׂם) (the ls - 'שׂ') as is evident in the Targum Onkelos Template:Citation needed. Rendering of proto-semitic *Template:Transl as /ɬ/, is still evident in the Soqotri language Template:Citation needed.

Dagesh

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Historically, the consonants Template:Hebrew bet,beis, Template:Hebrew gimel, Template:Hebrew dalet, Template:Hebrew kaf,kof, Template:Hebrew pe,pey, and Template:Hebrew tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive), and one soft (fricative), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (Template:Hebrew), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of Template:Hebrew bet, Template:Hebrew kaf, and Template:Hebrew pe. The differences are as follows:

With dagesh					Without dagesh
Symbol	Name	Transliteration	IPA	Example	Symbol	Name	Transliteration	IPA	Example
Template:Hebrew	bet	b	/b/	bun	Template:Hebrew	vet	v	/v/	van
<ref name="kaf_sofit">"ךּ" is rare but exists, e.g. last word in Deuteronomy 7 1 (דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳) in the word "מִמֶּךָּ" – see תנ״ך מנוקד, דברים פרק ז׳</ref>Template:Hebrew	kaph	k	/k/	kangaroo	Template:Hebrew	khaph	kh/ch/k	/χ/	loch
Template:Hebrew	pe	p	/p/	pass	Template:Hebrew	phe	ph/f	/f/	find

In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern.

In some Sephardi and Mizrahi dialects, bet without dagesh is pronounced [b], like bet with dagesh
In Syrian and Yemenite Hebrew, gimel without dagesh is pronounced [ɣ]
In Yemenite Hebrew, and in the Iraqi pronunciation of the word "Adonai", dalet without dagesh is pronounced [ð] as in "these"
In Ashkenazi Hebrew, tav without dagesh is pronounced [s] as in "silk"
In Iraqi and Yemenite Hebrew, and formerly in some other dialects, tav without dagesh is pronounced [θ] is in "thick"

Identical pronunciation

In Israel's general population, many consonants have the same pronunciation. They are:

Letters				Transliteration	Pronunciation (IPA)
Template:Hebrew Alef*	Template:Hebrew Ayin*			-	(vowel)
Template:Hebrew Bet (without dagesh)	Template:Hebrew Vav			v	/v/
Template:Hebrew Het	Template:Hebrew Kaf (without dagesh)			kh/ch/h	/χ/
Template:Hebrew Tet	Template:Hebrew Tav			t	/t/
Template:Hebrew Kaf (with dagesh)	Template:Hebrew Qof			k	/k/
Template:Hebrew Samekh	Template:Hebrew Sin (with left dot)			s	/s/
Template:Hebrew Tsadi*	Template:Hebrew Tav-Samekh*	and	Template:Hebrew Tav-Sin*	ts/tz	/ts/

* Varyingly

Ancient Hebrew pronunciation

Template:Further

Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b ɡ d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeD KePHeT letters (Template:Pron-en in English). (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops b ɡ d k p t at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives v ɣ ð x f θ when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ). The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to [d] and [ɡ], respectively, and ṯ has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation. Template:Hebrew "reish" may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list BeGeD KePoReS. (Sefer Yetzirah, 4:1)

Template:Hebrew chet and Template:Hebrew ayin represented pharyngeal fricatives, Template:Hebrew tsadi represented the emphatic consonant /sˤ/, Template:Hebrew tet represented the emphatic consonant /tˤ/, and Template:Hebrew qoph represented the uvular plosive /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants.
Template:Hebrew sin (the /s/ variant of Template:Hebrew shin) was originally different from both Template:Hebrew shin and Template:Hebrew samekh, but had become /s/ the same as Template:Hebrew samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ (the sound of modern Welsh ll) or the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate /tɬ/ (like Náhuatl tl).

Vowels

Matres lectionis

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Template:Hebrew aleph, Template:Hebrew he, Template:Hebrew vav and Template:Hebrew yod are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, /ʔ/, /h/, /v/ and /j/). When they do, Template:Hebrew and Template:Hebrew are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas Template:Hebrew and Template:Hebrew are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel.

Letter	Name of letter	Consonant indicated when letter consonantal	Vowel designation	Name of vowel designation	Indicated Vowel
א	aleph	/ʔ/	—	—	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ה	he	/h/	—	—	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ו	vav	/v/	וֹ	ḥolám malé	ô
ו	vav	/v/	וּ	shurúq	û
י	yud	/j/	‏ִי	ḥiríq malé	î
י	yud	/j/	‏ֵי	tseré malé	ê, ệ

Vowel points

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Niqqud is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them:

Name	Symbol	Israeli Hebrew
Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration	English example
Hiriq	35px	Template:IPAblink	i	see
Zeire	35px	Template:IPAblink, ([e̞j] with succeeding yod)	e, (ei with succeeding yod)	men
Segol	35px	Template:IPAblink	e	men
Patach	35px	Template:IPAblink	a	car
Kamatz	35px	Template:IPAblink, (or Template:IPAblink)	a, (or o)	car
Holam	35px	Template:IPAblink	o	cone
Shuruk	35px	Template:IPAblink	u	tube
Kubutz	35px	Template:IPAblink	u	tube

Note 1: The symbol "O" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used.
Note 2: The pronunciation of zeire and sometimes segol - with or without the letter yod - is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language.<ref>{{

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Note 3: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same.
Note 4: The letter ו (vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter.

Sh'va

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By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short.

Name	Symbol	Israeli Hebrew
Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration	English example
Shva	35px	Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAlink	apostrophe, e, or nothing	silent
Reduced Segol	35px	Template:IPAblink	e	men
Reduced Patach	35px	Template:IPAblink	a	cup
Reduced Kamatz	35px	Template:IPAblink	o	cone

Comparison table

Vowel comparison table
Vowel Length (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew)			IPA	Transliteration	English example
Long	Short	Very Short	IPA	Transliteration	English example
Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	Template:IPAblink	a	spa
Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	Template:IPAblink	e	temp
Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	Template:IPAblink	o	cone
Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	n/a	Template:IPAblink	u	tube
Template:Hebrew	Template:Hebrew	n/a	Template:IPAblink	i	ski
Note I:		By adding two vertical dots (sh'va) Template:Hebrew the vowel is made very short.
Note II:		The short o and long a have the same niqqud.
Note III:		The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
Note IV:		The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation

Gershayim

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The symbol Template:Hebrew is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym. Gershayim is also the name of a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter.

Sounds represented with diacritic geresh

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The sounds [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], [ʒ], written "Template:Hebrew", "Template:Hebrew", "Template:Hebrew", and [w], non-standardly sometimes transliterated Template:Hebrew or Template:Hebrew^[e3], are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The apostrophe-looking symbol after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh. (As mentioned above, while still done, using Template:Hebrew to represent [w] is non-standard; standard spelling rules allow no usage of Template:Hebrew whatsoever^[e4]).

Hebrew slang and loanwords
Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration	Example
Gimel with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[d͡ʒ]	ǧ<ref name=foreign_sounds/>	ǧáḥnun	[ˈd͡ʒaχnun]	גָ׳חְנוּן
Zayin with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[ʒ]	ž<ref name=foreign_sounds/>	koláž	[koˈlaʒ]	קוֹלָאז׳
Tsadi with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[t͡ʃ]	č<ref name=foreign_sounds/>	čupár (treat)	[t͡ʃuˈpar]	צ׳וּפָּר
Vav with a geresh or double Vav	Template:Hebrew or Template:Hebrew(non standard)^[e5]	[w]	w	awánta (boastful act)	[aˈwanta]	עָוָנְטָה

The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic, the represented sounds are however foreign to Hebrew phonology, i.e., these symbols only represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with the Hebrew alphabet, and never loanwords.

Transliteration of non-native sounds
Name	Symbol	IPA	Arabic letter	Example		Comment
Dalet with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[ð]	Ḏāl (ذ) Voiced th	Dhu al-Hijjah (ذو الحجة)‎	ד׳ו אל-חיג׳ה	* Also used for English voiced th * Often a simple ד is written.
Tav with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[θ]	Ṯāʾ (ﺙ) Voiceless th	Thurston	ת׳רסטון
Ḥet with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[χ]	Ḫāʼ (خ)	Sheikh (شيخ)‎	שייח׳	* Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound [χ] represented by ח׳ is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between [χ] and [ħ], in which case ח׳ transliterates the former and ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח without geresh is pronounced [ħ] only dialectically but [χ] commonly.
Resh with a geresh	Template:Hebrew	[ʁ]	Ġayn (غ)	Ghajar	ר׳ג׳ר	Sometimes an Ayin with a geresh (ע׳) is used to transliterate غ – inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language

A geresh is also used to denote initialisms and to denote a Hebrew numeral. Geresh also is the name of one of the notes of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, but its appearance and function is different.

In Jewish faith

The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenence of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem Talmud, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]"<ref>Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 21b</ref>); others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or the redemption. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the Talmud illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesach 87b, Avodah Zarah 18a</ref>

The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the Sefer Yezirah, or Book of Creation, a mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the Book of Genesis, largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and Zohar.<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot 55c</ref><ref>Zohar 1:3; 2:152</ref>

thumb|left|200px|The four-pronged Shin.

Another book, the 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer ha-Temunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Book of Letters. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990</ref> Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In addition, the letters occasionally feature in aggadic portions of non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given anthropomorphic qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the Babylonian Talmud (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation):

Template:Quote box

Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within Mishna Berura of Yisrael Meir Kagan.

Unicode and HTML

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The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB40. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation. The Numeric Character References is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers.

Notes

^{aTemplate:Note}"Aleph-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the maqaph (מקף, hyphen), אלפבית עברי, as opposed to with the hyphen, אלף־בית עברי.

^{bTemplate:Note}The Arabic letters have, in principle (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants), four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form. For more information, see Arabic alphabet and Mandaic alphabet.

^{cTemplate:Note}In forms of Hebrew older than Modern Hebrew, כ״ף, בי״ת and פ״א can only be read b, k and p, respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of v, kh and ph in a sofit (final) position, with few exceptions.<ref name="kaf_sofit"/> In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. פִיזִיקַאי /fiziˈkaj/ and never /piziˈkaj/ (= "physicist"), סְנוֹבּ /snob/ and never /snov/ (= "snob"). A dagesh may be inserted to unambiguously denote the plosive variant: בּ = /b/, כּ = /k/, פּ =/p/; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in Yiddish) a rafé placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the fricative variant: בֿ = /v/, כֿ = /χ/ and פֿ = /f/.

^{dTemplate:Note}However, וו (two separate vavs), used in Ktiv male, is to be distinguished from the Yiddish ligature װ (also two vavs but together as one character).

^{e1Template:Notee2Template:Notee3Template:Notee4Template:Notee5Template:Note}The Academy of the Hebrew Language states that both Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav.<ref name="trans-into-heb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} issued by the Academy of the Hebrew Language.</ref> Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound Template:IPAblink, Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also pronunciation of Hebrew Vav.

References

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Bibliography

ff.
Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York: New York University Press.
Saenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Steinberg, David. History of the Hebrew Language.
Mathers table
Aleph-Beth Quick Study Chart. February 28, 2005. Qumran Bet Community. Retrieved January 5, 2006.

External links

Keyboards

LiteType.com - Virtual & Interactive Hebrew Keyboard

Mikledet.com - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout)

Hebrew Writing - Typing Hebrew and Nikud using extended English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew Writing layout)

Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription Biblical Archaeology Review

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[B1]

[A3]

[B2]

[C1]

[C2]

[A4]

[D]

[B3]

[e1]

[e2]

[e3]

[e4]

[e5]

Hebrew alphabet

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Revision as of 10:53, 24 February 2011

Contents

History

Description

General

Vowels

The alphabet

Pronunciation of letter names

Orthographic variants

Yiddish symbols

Numeric values of letters

Transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters

Pronunciation

Shin and sin

Dagesh

Identical pronunciation

Ancient Hebrew pronunciation

Vowels

Matres lectionis

Vowel points

Sh'va

Comparison table

Gershayim

Sounds represented with diacritic geresh

In Jewish faith

Unicode and HTML

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Views

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+{{about|the alphabet derived from the Aramaic alphabet|the alphabet derived from the [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet]]|Samaritan script|Hebrew diacritical marks|Hebrew diacritics}}
 {{Contains Hebrew text}}
 {{Infobox Writing system
 |name=Hebrew alphabet
 |languages=[[Hebrew language]] [[Jewish language]]
 |time=3rd century BCE to present
@@ Line 9: / Line 10: @@
 |fam1=[[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
 |fam2=[[Proto-Sinaitic]]
-|fam3=[[Proto-Canaanite alphabet]]
+|fam3=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
-|fam4=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
+|fam4=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
-|fam5=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
 |sisters=[[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />[[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]]<br />[[Palmyrenean alphabet|Palmyrenean]]<br />[[Mandaic alphabet|Mandaic]]<br />[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]<br />[[Pahlavi script|Pahlavi]]<br />[[Sogdian alphabet|Sogdian]]
-|unicode=U+0590 to U+05FF, <br /> U+FB1D to U+FB40
+|unicode=[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf U+0590 to U+05FF], <br /> [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB00.pdf U+FB1D to U+FB4F]
 |iso15924=Hebr
-|sample=Hebrew Alphabet Sample.svg
+|sample=Alefbet ivri.svg
 |imagesize=250px
 }}
-{{alphabet}}
-{{about|the alphabet derived from the Aramaic alphabet|the alphabet derived from the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Samaritan script}}
-{{for|Hebrew diacritical marks|Hebrew diacritics}}
-The '''Hebrew alphabet''' ({{lang-he-n|אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי}},<ref>"Aleph-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the ''maqaph'' (מקף, hyphen), אלפבית עברי, as opposed to with the hyphen, אלף־בית עברי</ref> ''Alephbet 'Ivri''), known variously by scholars<ref>{{cite book|year=1993 |title=A History of the Hebrew Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-55634-1}}</ref> as the '''Jewish script''', '''square script''', '''block script''', and because of its place of origin, the '''Assyrian script''' (not to be confused with the [[Syriac alphabet]] used to write the [[Aramaic languages]] of [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Assyriaan Neo-Aramaic]]) is the better-known of two script standards used to write the [[Hebrew language]] &mdash; the other being the [[Samaritan script]]. It consists of 22 letters, and in mildly adapted forms, is also used for writing several languages of the [[Jewish diaspora]], most notably [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], and [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judeo-Arabic]], as well as other [[Jewish languages]]. Five of these letters have a different form when appearing as the last letter in a word. The Hebrew alphabet is [[Writing system#Directionality|written from right to left]], not only when writing Hebrew, but all Jewish languages that employ it, irrespective of the language's actual [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] [[language family]].
-The Hebrew word for "[[alphabet]]" is ''alephbet'' (אלפבית), and it is derived from the first two letters of the Hebrew alphabet; [[Aleph]] and [[Bet]]. The Hebrew alphabet is not a true [[alphabet]], it is in fact an [[abjad]], having letters only for [[consonant]]s. Like other abjads such as the [[Arabic alphabet]], means were later devised to indicate vowels by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as ''[[niqqud]]''. In rabbinic Hebrew, the consonant letters אהוי are used as ''[[Mater lectionis|matres lectionis]]'' to represent vowels. The number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet, their order, their names, and their phonetic values are virtually identical to those of the [[Aramaic alphabet]].
+The '''Hebrew alphabet''' ({{lang-he-n|אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי}}{{ref label|Common_Hebrew_Spelling|a|}}, ''Alephbet 'Ivri''), known variously by scholars as the '''Jewish script''', '''square script''', '''block script''' is used in the writing of the [[Hebrew language]], as well as other [[Jewish languages]], most notably [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], and [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judeo-Arabic]]. There have been two script forms in use. The original old Hebrew script is known as the [[paleo-Hebrew script]] (which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in the [[Samaritan script]]), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of the [[Aramaic script]]. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also a [[cursive Hebrew]] script, which has also varied over time and place.
-According to contemporary scholars<ref>{{cite book|year=1993 |title=A History of the Hebrew Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-55634-1}}</ref>, the Hebrew alphabet described in this article is a stylized form of the [[Aramaic alphabet]], from which it descends and evolved from during the [[3rd century BC|3rd century BCE]]. Prior to this, Hebrew was written in the [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet]] by the ancient Israelites, both Jews and Samaritans. It began to fall out of use by the [[Jews]] in the 5th century BCE when they adopted the [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic script]] of the [[Persian Empire]] (they in turn adopted the alphabet from the [[Arameans]], forgoing the [[Old Persian cuneiform script]], but have since then adopted the [[Perso-Arabic script]]), retaining the old script for a limited time thereafter only for the [[Tetragrammaton]] (the Name of God). The [[Samaritan]]s, who now number less than one thousand people, have continued to use the Old Hebrew alphabet until today. The [[Samaritan script]] descends directly from the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, however, because of the numerical advantage of Jews, it is Jewish script herein that is normatively called the "Hebrew alphabet." For other opinions, see below.
+The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters, five of them have different forms when they are used at the end of a word. Hebrew is [[Writing system#Directionality|written from right to left]]. Originally, the alphabet was an [[abjad]] consisting only of [[consonant]]s. Like other abjads, such as the [[Arabic alphabet]], means were later devised to indicate [[vowel]]s by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as ''[[niqqud]]''. In rabbinic Hebrew, the letters {{hebrew|א ה ו י}} are also used as ''[[mater lectionis|matres lectionis]]'' to represent vowels. In modern usage of the alphabet, as in the case of [[Yiddish]] (except that {{hebrew|ע}} replaces {{hebrew|ה}}) and to some extent modern [[Israeli Hebrew]], vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward [[Ktiv male|full spelling]] with these letters acting as true vowels.
+Before the adoption of the present script, Hebrew was written by the ancient [[Israelites]], both [[Jews]] and [[Samaritans]], using the [[paleo-Hebrew alphabet]]. During the 3rd century BC, Jews began to use a stylized form of the [[Aramaic alphabet]],<ref name="A History of the Hebrew Language">{{cite book|year=1993 |title=A History of the Hebrew Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-55634-1}}</ref> while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script, called the [[Samaritan script]]. The present "square script" Hebrew alphabet is a stylized version of the Aramaic alphabet which was adopted from that used by the [[Persian Empire]] (which in turn was adopted from the [[Arameans]]). After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews used both scripts before settling on the Aramaic form. For a limited time thereafter, the use of the paleo-Hebrew script among Jews was retained only to write the [[Tetragrammaton]], but soon that custom was also abandoned.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
 ==History==
 {{Main|History of the Hebrew alphabet}}
-[[Image:Aleppo codex.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Aleppo Codex]]: 10th century CE [[Hebrew Bible]] with [[Masoretic]] pointing. Text of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] 1:1]]
+[[File:Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Aleppo Codex]]: 10th century CE [[Hebrew Bible]] with [[Masoretic]] pointing. Text of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] 1:1]]
-According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed alongside others in the region during the course of the late second and first millennia BCE; it is closely related to the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician script]], which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in [[Greece]] ([[Greek alphabet|Greek]]). It is sometimes claimed that a distinct Hebrew variant, the [[paleo-Hebrew alphabet|original "Hebrew script"]], emerged around the 10th century BCE,<ref>[http://www.ancientscripts.com/old_hebrew.html Ancient Scripts.com:''Old Hebrew'']</ref>    and was widely used in the ancient kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] until they fell in the [[8th century BC|8th]] and 6th centuries BCE, respectively. But it is not straightforward to distinguish [[Israelite]]/[[Judahite]] scripts from others which were in use in the immediate area, most notably by the [[Moabites]] and [[Ammon]]ites.
+According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed alongside others used in the region during the late second and first millennia BC. It is closely related to the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician script]], which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in [[Greece]] ([[Greek alphabet|Greek]]). A distinct Hebrew variant, called the [[paleo-Hebrew alphabet]], emerged by the 10th century BCE,<ref>[http://www.ancientscripts.com/old_hebrew.html Ancient Scripts.com:''Old Hebrew'']</ref> an example of which is represented in the [[Gezer calendar]]. It was commonly used in the ancient Israelite kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]].
-Following the [[Babylonian captivity of Judah|Babylonian exile]], [[Jew]]s gradually stopped using the Hebrew script, and instead adopted the [[Aramaic script]] (another offshoot of the same family of scripts). This script, as used for writing Hebrew, later evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still used today. Closely related scripts were in use all over the Middle East for several hundred years, but following the rise of [[Christianity]] (and later, the rise of [[Islam]]), they gave way to the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] and [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] alphabets, respectively.
+Following the fall of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BC, in the [[Babylonian captivity of Judah|Babylonian exile]], [[Jew]]s adopted the [[Aramaic script]], which was another offshoot of the same family of scripts, evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still in use today and known as the "Hebrew alphabet". The [[Samaritan script]], used in writing [[Samaritan Hebrew]], is descended directly from the paleo-Hebrew script.
-The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted in order to write the languages of the [[Jewish diaspora]] ([[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Judeo-Arabic language|Judæo-Arabic]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], etc.). The Hebrew alphabet was retained as the alphabet used for writing the [[Hebrew language]] during its rebirth in the 18th to 19th century.
+The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the [[Jewish diaspora]] - such as [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Judeo-Arabic language|Judæo-Arabic]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], etc. The Hebrew alphabet came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the [[Hebrew language]] as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries.
-==In Jewish Religion==
+==Description==
-The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varried roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical [[rabbinical literature]] seem to acknowledge the historical provenence of the currently-used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]"<ref>Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 21b</ref>); others attribute signifigant mystical signifigance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or [[Jewish messianism|the redemption]]. In mystical conceptions of the alphabet the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existant to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the [[Talmud]] illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesach 87b, Avodah Zarah 18a</ref>
+[[File:Mariamagdalena grt.jpg|thumb|Hebrew script on the [[bustier]] of [[Jan van Scorel]]'s ''[[Maria Magdalena]]'', 1530.]]
-The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the [[Sefer Yezirah]], or ''Book of Creation'', a  mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the [[Book of Genesis]], largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and [[Zohar]].<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot 55c</ref><ref>Zohar 1:3; 2:152</ref>
+===General===
+In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an [[abjad]] consisting only of [[consonant]]s, [[Writing system#Directionality|written from right to left]]. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word. The Hebrew alphabet has only one [[case (orthography)|case]]; there are no distinct capital or lowercase letters.
-[[File:Tefillin.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The four-pronged Shin.]]
+===Vowels===
-Another book, the thirteenth-century [[Kabbalistic]] text [[Sefer HaTemunah]], holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.<ref>''The Book of Letters''. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990</ref> Another example of messianic signifigance attached to the letters is the teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption".<ref>''The Book of Letters''. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990</ref>
+In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak [[consonant]]s [[Aleph]] ({{hebrew|א}}), [[He (letter)|He]] ({{hebrew|ה}}), [[Waw (letter)|Vav]] ({{hebrew|ו}}), or  [[Yodh]] ({{hebrew|י}}) serving as vowel letters, or [[matres lectionis]]: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called [[niqqud]], was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of [[Yiddish]] and to some extent modern [[Israeli Hebrew]], [[vowel]]s may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward [[Ktiv male|full spelling]] with the weak letters acting as true vowels.
-In addition, the letters occasionaly feature in [[aggadic]] portions of non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given [[anthropomorphic]] qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly  their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the [[Babylonian Talmud]] (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation):
+When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with or without [[niqqud]]-diacritics (e.g., respectively: "אָ", "יִ" or "י", "ע", see [[Yiddish orthography]]), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.
-{{quote box|align=center|width=50%|quote=''Why does the story of creation begin with bet?... In the same manner that the letter bet is closed on all sides and only open in front, similarly you are not permitted to inquire into what is before or what was behind, but only from the actual time of Creation.''|source=Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 77c}}
+To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called ''[[niqqud]]'' ({{hebrew|ניקוד}}, literally "applying points"). One of these, the [[Tiberian vocalization|Tiberian system]], eventually prevailed. [[Aaron ben Moses ben Asher]], and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as [[Bible|Biblical]] books intended for study, in [[poetry]] or when teaching the language to children.  The Tiberian system also includes a set of [[cantillation]] marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, ''niqqud'' are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim, or [[triliteral root]]s) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.
-Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within [[Mishna Berura]] of [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]].
+===The alphabet===
+Neither the old Hebrew script nor the modern Hebrew script have [[case (orthography)|case]], but five [[letter (alphabet)|letters]] have special [[final form]]s,{{ref label|Pronunciation_in_Different_Word_Positions|c|}} called '''sofit''' ([[Hebrew language|Heb.]] סופית, meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Mandaic alphabet]]s{{ref label|Variants_in_Arabic_Mandaic|b|}}. These are shown below the normal form, in the following table (letter names are [[List of Unicode characters#Hebrew|Unicode]] standard; see variants of names and their pronunciation [[#Pronunciation of letter names|below]]). Hebrew is written from right to left.
-==Description==
+{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" class="wikitable" dir="rtl"
-[[File:Mariamagdalena grt.jpg|thumb|[[Pseudo-Kufic|Pseudo-Hebrew]] script on the [[bustier]] of [[Jan van Scorel]]'s ''[[Maria Magdalena]]'', 1530.]]
-In its traditional usage in [[Hebrew]] (as opposed to [[Yiddish]] and to some extent modern [[Israeli Hebrew]]), the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad: [[vowel]]s are normally not indicated. Where they are, it is because a weak [[consonant]] such as {{hebrew|א}} ''aleph'', {{hebrew|ה}} ''hey'', {{hebrew|ו}} ''vav'', or {{hebrew|י}} ''yod'' has combined with a previous vowel and become silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. When used to write [[Yiddish]], ''all'' vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with or without [[niqqud]]-diacritics (e.g., respectively: "אָ", "יִ" or "י", "ע", see [[Yiddish orthography]]), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.
-To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalisation and diacritical symbols called ''[[niqqud]]'' ({{hebrew|ניקוד}}, literally "applying points"). One of these, the [[Tiberian vocalization|Tiberian system]], eventually prevailed. [[Aaron ben Moses ben Asher]], and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as [[Bible|Biblical]] books intended for study, in [[poetry]] or when teaching the language to children.  The Tiberian system also includes a set of [[cantillation]] marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, ''niqqud'' are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim, or [[triliteral root]]s) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.
-Both the old Hebrew script and the modern Hebrew script have only one [[Case (orthography)|case]], but some [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] have special [[final form]]s, called '''sofit''' ([[Hebrew language|Heb.]] סופית, meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Mandaic alphabet]]s.<ref>The Arabic letters have, ''in principle (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants)'', four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form. For more information, see [[Arabic alphabet]] and [[Mandaic alphabet]].</ref> As can be seen in the tables given here, only five letters have a ''sofit'' form: ך → כ (''kaph ''and'' khaph''), ם → מ (''mem''),  ן → נ (''nun''), ף → פ (''pe ''and ''phe''), ץ → צ (''tsadi ''or'' tsade'').<ref>'''כ״ף''', '''בי״ת''' and '''פ״א''' can only be read ''b'', ''k'' and ''p'', respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of ''v'', ''kh'' and ''ph'' in a ''sofit'' (final) position. In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible, but a ''[[dagesh]]'' may be inserted (in dictionaries or learning books) to know which pronunciation applies: '''&#64305;''' = ''b'' and '''ב''' = ''v'', '''&#64315;''' = ''k'' and '''כ''' = ''kh'', '''&#64324;''' =''p'' and '''פ''' = ''ph''.</ref> These are shown below the normal form, in the following table.
-{| width="100%" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable" dir="rtl"
-|-
-!'''[[Aleph|Alef]]'''||'''[[Bet (letter)|Bet]]'''||'''[[Gimel]]'''||'''[[Dalet]]'''||'''[[He (letter)|He]]'''||'''[[Waw (letter)|Vav]]'''||'''[[Zayin]]'''||'''[[Heth|Het]]'''||'''[[Teth|Tet]]'''||'''[[Yodh|Yod]]'''||'''[[Kaph|Kaf]]'''
-|-
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David, SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|א
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ב
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ג
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ד
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ה
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ו
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ז
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ח
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ט
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|י
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|כ
-|-
-|style="font-size:300%; font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman" height=40 valign=center|ך
-|-
-!'''[[Lamedh|Lamed]]'''||'''[[Mem]]'''||'''[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]'''||'''[[Samekh]]'''||'''[[Ayin]]'''||'''[[Pe (letter)|Pe]]'''||'''[[Tsade|Tsadi]]'''||'''[[Qoph|Qof]]'''||'''[[Resh]]'''||'''[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]'''||'''[[Taw|Tav]]'''
 |-
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ל
+!'''[[Aleph|Alef]]'''||'''[[Bet (letter)|Bet]]'''||'''[[Gimel]]'''||'''[[Dalet]]'''||'''[[He (letter)|Hey]]'''||'''[[Waw (letter)|Vav]]'''||'''[[Zayin]]'''||'''[[Heth|Het]]'''||'''[[Teth|Tet]]'''||'''[[Yodh|Yod]]'''||'''[[Kaph|Kaf]]'''
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|מ
+|- style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:300%; text-align:center;"
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|נ
+| rowspan="2" |א
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ס
+| rowspan="2" |ב
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ע
+| rowspan="2" |ג
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|פ
+| rowspan="2" |ד
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|צ
+| rowspan="2" |ה
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ק
+| rowspan="2" |ו
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ר
+| rowspan="2" |ז
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ש
+| rowspan="2" |ח
-| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ת
+| rowspan="2" |ט
+| rowspan="2" |י
+| |כ
+|- style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:300%; text-align:center;"
+||ך
 |-
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ם
+!'''[[Lamedh|Lamed]]'''||'''[[Mem]]'''||'''[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]'''||'''[[Samekh]]'''||'''[[Ayin]]'''||'''[[Pe (letter)|Pe]]'''||'''[[Tsade|Tsadik]]'''||'''[[Qoph|Qof]]'''||'''[[Resh]]'''||'''[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]'''||'''[[Taw|Taf]]'''
-| style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ן
+|- style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:300%; text-align:center;"
-|style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ף
+| rowspan="2"|ל
-|style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=center|ץ
+||מ
+||נ
+| rowspan="2"|ס
+| rowspan="2"|ע
+||פ
+||צ
+| rowspan="2"|ק
+| rowspan="2"|ר
+| rowspan="2"|ש
+| rowspan="2"|ת
+|- style="font-family:David,SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo,  Chrysanthi  Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New  Roman; font-size:300%; text-align:center;"
+||ם
+||ן
+||ף
+||ץ
 |}
@@ Line 104: / Line 96: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
+|-
 !rowspan=2|<small>letter</small>
 !colspan=2|<small>Name of letter</small>
-!rowspan=2|<small>Established pronunciation<br>in English</small><ref name=dict>''Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary''</ref>
+!rowspan=2|<small>Established pronunciation<br />in English</small><ref name=dict>''Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary''</ref>
-!rowspan=2|<small>[[Standard language|standard]] [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]]<br>pronunciation</small>
+!rowspan=2|<small>[[standard language|standard]] [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]]<br />pronunciation</small>
-!rowspan=2|<small>[[colloquial]] [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]]<br>pronunciation (if differing)</small>
+!rowspan=2|<small>[[colloquial]] [[Israeli Hebrew|Israeli]]<br />pronunciation (if differing)</small>
-!rowspan=2|<small>[[Yiddish]] / [[Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi]]<br>pronunciation</small>
+!rowspan=2|<small>[[Yiddish]] / [[Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi]]<br />pronunciation</small>
 |-
 !<small>MW</small><ref name=dict/>
@@ Line 133: / Line 126: @@
 |ו||[[Waw (letter)|Waw]]||Vav||{{IPA|/vɑːv/}}||{{IPA|/vav/}}||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/vɔv/}}
 |-
-|ז||[[Zayin]]||Zayin||{{IPA|/ˈzaɪ.ɨn/}}||{{IPA|/ˈzajin/}}||{{IPA|/ˈzain/}}||{{IPA|/ˈzajin/}}
+|ז||[[Zayin]]||Zayin||{{IPA|/ˈzaɪ.ɨn/}}||{{IPA|/ˈzajin/}}||{{IPA|/ˈza.in/}}||{{IPA|/ˈzajin/}}
 |-
 |ח||[[Heth]]||Het||{{IPA|/hɛθ/, /xeɪt/}}||{{IPA|/ħet/}}||{{IPA|/χet/}} ||{{IPA|/ χɛs/}}
@@ Line 150: / Line 143: @@
 |כ||{{IPA|/χɔf/}}
 |-
-|ך||&nbsp;||Final Kaf||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/kaf sofit/}}||&nbsp;|| {{IPA|/laŋgɛ χɔf/}}
+|ך||&nbsp;||Final Kaf||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/kaf sofit/}}||&nbsp;|| {{IPA|/laŋɡɛ χɔf/}}
 |-
 |ל||[[Lamedh|Lamed]]||Lamed||{{IPA|/ˈlɑːmɛd/}}||{{IPA|/ˈlamed/}}||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/ˈlamɛd/}}
@@ Line 160: / Line 153: @@
 |נ||[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]||Nun||{{IPA|/nuːn/}}||{{IPA|/nun/}}||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/nun/}}
 |-
-|ן||&nbsp;||Final Nun||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|/nun sofit/}}||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/laŋɛ nun/}}
+|ן||&nbsp;||Final Nun||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|/nun sofit/}}||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/laŋɡɛ nun/}}
 |-
 |ס||[[Samekh]]||Samekh||{{IPA|/ˈsɑːmɛk/}}||{{IPA|/ˈsameχ/}}||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/ˈsamɛχ/}}
 |-
-|ע||[[Ayin]]||Ayin||{{IPA|/ˈaɪ.ɨn/}}||{{IPA|/ˈʕajin/}}||{{IPA|/ain/}}||{{IPA|/ˈajin/}}
+|ע||[[Ayin]]||Ayin||{{IPA|/ˈaɪ.ɨn/}}||{{IPA|/ˈʕajin/}}||{{IPA|/ˈa.in/}}||{{IPA|/ˈajin/}}
 |-
 |פּ
@@ Line 175: / Line 168: @@
 |פ||{{IPA|/fɛɪ/}}
 |-
-|ף||&nbsp;||Final Pe||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/pe sofit/}}||{{IPA|/pej sofit/}}|| {{IPA|/laŋgɛ fɛɪ/}}
+|ף||&nbsp;||Final Pe||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/pe sofit/}}||{{IPA|/pej sofit/}}|| {{IPA|/laŋɡɛ fɛɪ/}}
 |-
 |צ||[[Tsade|Sadhe]]||Tsadi||{{IPA|/ˈsɑːdə/, /ˈsɑːdi/}}||{{IPA|/ˈtsadi/}}||{{IPA|/ˈtsadik/}} ||{{IPA|/ˈtsɔdi/, /ˈtsɔdik/, /ˈtsadɛk/}}
 |-
-|ץ||&nbsp;||Final Tsadi||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/ˈtsadi sofit/}}||{{IPA|/ˈtsadik sofit/}}|| {{IPA|/laŋgɛ ˈtsadɛk/}}
+|ץ||&nbsp;||Final Tsadi||&nbsp;||{{IPA|/ˈtsadi sofit/}}||{{IPA|/ˈtsadik sofit/}}|| {{IPA|/laŋɡɛ ˈtsadɛk/}}
 |-
 |ק||[[Qoph]]||Qof||{{IPA|/kɔːf/}}||{{IPA|/kof/}}||{{IPA|/kuf/}}||{{IPA|/kuf/}}
@@ Line 198: / Line 191: @@
 ==Orthographic variants==
-{{Further|[[Square hebrew]], [[Cursive Hebrew]], [[Rashi script]], [[Ashuri alphabet]]}}
+{{Further|[[Cursive Hebrew]], [[Rashi script]], [[Ashuri alphabet]]}}
 The following table displays orthographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have a different final form used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form.
@@ Line 208: / Line 201: @@
 {|class="wikitable" style="overflow:visible; width:500px"
 |-
-! rowspan=3 width=13%| Letter<br>name<br>([[Unicode]])
+! rowspan="3" style="width:13%;"| Letter<br />name<br />([[Unicode]])
 ! colspan=8 | Variants
 |-
@@ Line 214: / Line 207: @@
 ! colspan=4 | Ancestral
 |-  style="line-height:.7em;"
-! width=12%|<small>[[Serif]]</small>
+! style="width:12%;"|<small>[[Serif]]</small>
-! width=12%|<small>[[Sans-serif|Sans-<br>serif]]</small>
+! style="width:12%;"|<small>[[Sans-serif|Sans-<br />serif]]</small>
-! width=12%|<small>[[Monospaced font|Mono-<br>spaced]]</small>
+! style="width:12%;"|<small>[[Monospaced font|Mono-<br />spaced]]</small>
-! width=12%|<small>[[cursive Hebrew|Cursive]]</small>
+! style="width:12%;"|<small>[[cursive Hebrew|Cursive]]</small>
-! width=12%|<small>[[Rashi script|Rashi]]</small>
+! style="width:12%;"|<small>[[Rashi script|Rashi]]</small>
-! width=13%|<small>[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]</small>
+! style="width:13%;"|<small>[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]</small>
-! width=13%|<small>[[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]]</small>
+! style="width:13%;"|<small>[[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo-Hebrew]]</small>
-! width=13%|<small>[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]</small>
+! style="width:13%;"|<small>[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]</small>
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Alef</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">א</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">א</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">א</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">א</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician aleph.svg|25px|Aleph]]
+| [[File:phoenician aleph.svg|25px|Aleph]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - alef.png|Aleph]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - alef.png|Aleph]]
-| [[Image:Aleph.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Aleph.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Bet</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ב</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ב</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ב</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ב</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Bet handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Bet handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Bet Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Bet Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician beth.svg|25px|Beth]]
+| [[File:phoenician beth.svg|25px|Beth]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - bet.png|Bet]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - bet.png|Bet]]
-| [[Image:Beth.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Beth.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Gimel</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ג</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ג</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ג</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ג</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Gimel handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Gimel handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Gimel Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Gimel Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician gimel.svg|25px|Gimel]]
+| [[File:phoenician gimel.svg|25px|Gimel]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - gimmel.png|Gimel]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - gimmel.png|Gimel]]
-| [[Image:Igimel.png|20px]]
+| [[File:Igimel.png|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Dalet</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ד</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ד</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ד</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ד</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Daled handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Daled handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Daled Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Daled Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician daleth.svg|25px|Daleth]]
+| [[File:phoenician daleth.svg|25px|Daleth]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - daled.png|Daled]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - daled.png|Daled]]
-| [[Image:daleth.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:daleth.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">He</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ה</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ה</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ה</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ה</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter He Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter He Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician he.svg|25px|He]]
+| [[File:phoenician he.svg|25px|He]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - heh.png|Heh]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - heh.png|Heh]]
-| [[Image:he0.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:he0.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Vav</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ו</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ו</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ו</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ו</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Vav handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Vav handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Vav Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Vav Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician waw.svg|25px|Waw]]
+| [[File:phoenician waw.svg|25px|Waw]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - vav.png|Vav]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - vav.png|Vav]]
-| [[Image:waw.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:waw.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Zayin</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ז</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ז</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ז</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ז</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Zayin handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Zayin handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Zayin Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Zayin Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician zayin.svg|25px|Zayin]]
+| [[File:phoenician zayin.svg|25px|Zayin]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - zayin.png|Zayin]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - zayin.png|Zayin]]
-| [[Image:zayin.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:zayin.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Het</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ח</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ח</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ח</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ח</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Het handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Het handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Het Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Het Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician heth.svg|25px|Heth]]
+| [[File:phoenician heth.svg|25px|Heth]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - khet.png|Khet]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - khet.png|Khet]]
-| [[Image:heht.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:heht.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Tet</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ט</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ט</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ט</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ט</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Tet handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Tet handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Tet Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Tet Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:Phoenician teth.svg|25px|Teth]]
+| [[File:Phoenician teth.svg|25px|Teth]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - tet.png|Tet]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - tet.png|Tet]]
-| [[Image:teth.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:teth.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Yod</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">י</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">י</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">י</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">י</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Yud handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Yud handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Yud Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Yud Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician yodh.svg|25px|Yodh]]
+| [[File:phoenician yodh.svg|25px|Yodh]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - yud.png|Yud]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - yud.png|Yud]]
-| [[Image:yod.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:yod.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Kaf</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">כ</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">כ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">כ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">כ</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Kaf handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Kaf handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Kaf-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Kaf-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:phoenician kaph.svg|25px|Kaph]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:phoenician kaph.svg|25px|Kaph]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - khof.png|Khof]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - khof.png|Khof]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:kaph.svg|20px]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:kaph.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Final Kaf</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ך</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ך</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ך</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ך</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Kaf-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Kaf-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Kaf-final Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Kaf-final Rashi.png]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Lamed</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ל</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ל</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ל</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ל</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Lamed handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Lamed handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Lamed Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Lamed Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician lamedh.svg|25px|Lamedh]]
+| [[File:phoenician lamedh.svg|25px|Lamedh]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - lamed.png|Lamed]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - lamed.png|Lamed]]
-| [[Image:lamed.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:lamed.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Mem</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">מ</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">מ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">מ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">מ</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Mem handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Mem handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Mem-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Mem-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:phoenician mem.svg|25px|Mem]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:phoenician mem.svg|25px|Mem]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - mem.png|Mem]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - mem.png|Mem]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:mem.svg|20px]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:mem.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Final Mem</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ם</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ם</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ם</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ם</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Mem-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Mem-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Mem-final Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Mem-final Rashi.png]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Nun</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">נ</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">נ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">נ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">נ</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Nun handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Nun handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Nun-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Nun-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:phoenician nun.svg|25px|Nun]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:phoenician nun.svg|25px|Nun]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - nun.png|Nun]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - nun.png|Nun]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:nun.svg|20px]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:nun.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Final Nun</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ן</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ן</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ן</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ן</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Nun-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Nun-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Nun-final Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Nun-final Rashi.png]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Samekh</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ס</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ס</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ס</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ס</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Samekh handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Samekh handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Samekh Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Samekh Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician samekh.svg|25px|Samekh]]
+| [[File:phoenician samekh.svg|25px|Samekh]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - samekh.png|Samekh]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - samekh.png|Samekh]]
-| [[Image:samekh.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:samekh.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Ayin</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ע</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ע</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ע</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ע</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Ayin handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Ayin handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Ayin Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Ayin Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician ayin.svg|25px|Ayin]]
+| [[File:phoenician ayin.svg|25px|Ayin]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - ayin.png|Ayin]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - ayin.png|Ayin]]
-| [[Image:ayin.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:ayin.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Pe</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">פ</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">פ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">פ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">פ</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Pe handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Pe handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Pe-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Pe-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:phoenician pe.svg|25px|Pe]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:phoenician pe.svg|25px|Pe]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - pey.png|Pey]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - pey.png|Pey]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:pe0.svg|20px]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:pe0.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Final Pe</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ף</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ף</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ף</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ף</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Pe-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Pe-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Pe-final Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Pe-final Rashi.png]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Tsadi</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">צ</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">צ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">צ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">צ</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Tsadik handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Tsadik handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Tsadik-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-nonfinal Rashi.png]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:phoenician sade.svg|25px|Sade]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:phoenician sade.svg|25px|Sade]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - tzadi.png|Tzadi]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - tzadi.png|Tzadi]]
-|rowspan=2| [[Image:sade 1.svg|20px]], [[Image:sade 2.svg|20px]]
+|rowspan=2| [[File:sade 1.svg|20px]], [[File:sade 2.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Final Tsadi</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ץ</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ץ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ץ</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ץ</span>
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final handwriting.svg|17px]]
-| [[Image:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final Rashi.png]]
+| [[File:Hebrew letter Tsadik-final Rashi.png]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Qof</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ק</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ק</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ק</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ק</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Kuf handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Kuf handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Kuf Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Kuf Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician qoph.svg|25px|Qoph]]
+| [[File:phoenician qoph.svg|25px|Qoph]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - quf.png|Quf]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - quf.png|Quf]]
-| [[Image:qoph.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:qoph.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Resh</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ר</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ר</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ר</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ר</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Resh handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Resh handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Resh Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Resh Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician res.svg|25px|Res]]
+| [[File:phoenician res.svg|25px|Res]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - resh.png|Resh]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - resh.png|Resh]]
-| [[Image:resh.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:resh.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Shin</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ש</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ש</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ש</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ש</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Shin handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Shin handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Shin Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Shin Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician sin.svg|25px|Sin]]
+| [[File:phoenician sin.svg|25px|Sin]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - shin.png|Shin]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - shin.png|Shin]]
-| [[Image:shin.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:shin.svg|20px]]
-|- align="center" style="font-size:200%"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:200%;"
 |<span style="font-size:10pt;">Tav</span>
-|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ת</span>
+|<span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif;">ת</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Arial';">ת</span>
 |<span style="font-family:'Courier New';">ת</span>
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Taf handwriting.svg|17px]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Taf handwriting.svg|17px]]
-|[[Image:Hebrew letter Taf Rashi.png]]
+|[[File:Hebrew letter Taf Rashi.png]]
-| [[Image:phoenician taw.svg|25px|Taw]]
+| [[File:phoenician taw.svg|25px|Taw]]
-| [[Image:Paleo-hebrew - tof.png|Tof]]
+| [[File:Paleo-hebrew - tof.png|Tof]]
-| [[Image:taw.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:taw.svg|20px]]
 |}
@@ Line 483: / Line 476: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-!! colspan=1 | Symbol
+!!| Symbol
 ! Explanation
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">װ ױ ײ ײַ</span>}}
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:180%;">װ ױ ײ ײַ</span>}}
-| These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew<ref name="double_vav_non_standard">However, וו (two separate vavs), used in [[Ktiv male]], is to be distinguished from the ''Yiddish ligature'' װ (also two vavs but together as one character).</ref>. ''See: [[Yiddish orthography]]''.
+| These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew{{ref label|Double_Vav_as_Ligature_or_as_Separate_Letters|d|}}. ''See: [[Yiddish orthography]]''.
-|-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">בֿ</span>}}
-| The ''[[rafe (diacritic)|rafe]]'' ({{hebrew|רפה}}) ''niqqud'' is no longer used in Hebrew. It is still seen in Yiddish. In [[masoretic]] manuscripts, the soft fricative consonants are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in printed texts.
 |-
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:180%;">בֿ</span>}}
+| The ''[[rafe (diacritic)|rafe]]'' ({{hebrew|רפה}}) [[Hebrew diacritics|diacritic]] is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In [[masoretic]] manuscripts and some other older texts the soft fricative consonants and sometimes ''matres lectionis'' are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the [[YIVO]] orthography of [[Yiddish]].
 |}
@@ Line 500: / Line 492: @@
 {|class=wikitable
+|-
 !<small>letter</small>!!<small>numeric value</small>
 |rowspan=10|
@@ Line 528: / Line 521: @@
 Adding a [[geresh]] ("׳") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5769 is portrayed as ה׳תשס״ט, where ה represents 5000, and תשס״ט represents 769.
-==Transliterations and Transcriptions of Hebrew Letters==
+==Transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters==
 ''Main articles: [[Romanization of Hebrew]], [[Hebrew phonology]]''
@@ Line 535: / Line 528: @@
 Clarifications:
 *For some letters, the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] offers a ''precise'' transliteration which differs from the ''regular'' standard it has set. When omitted, no such precise alternative exists and the regular standard applies.
-*The [[IPA]] [[Phoneme|phonemic]] transcription is specified whenever it uses a different symbol than the one used for the '''regular''' standard Israeli transliteration.
+*The [[IPA]] [[phoneme|phonemic]] transcription is specified whenever it uses a different symbol than the one used for the '''regular''' standard Israeli transliteration.
-*The [[IPA]] [[Phonetics|phonetic]] transcription is specified whenever it differs from IPA '''phonemic''' transcription.
+*The [[IPA]] [[phonetics|phonetic]] transcription is specified whenever it differs from IPA '''phonemic''' transcription.
-Note: [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL's]] transliteration system, recommended in its ''Handbook of Style''<ref name=SBL>See online overview at [http://biblical-studies.ca/hebrew/pdfs/Hebrew_Alphabet.pdf Biblical Hebrew Resources]</ref>, differs slightly from the 2006 ''precise'' transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for "[[ו]]" SBL uses "v" (≠ AHL "w"), for "[[צ]]" SBL uses "{{Unicode|ṣ}}" (≠ AHL "{{Unicode|ẓ}}"), and for [[בג״ד כפ״ת]] with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t").<!-- THIS INFORMATION RELIES ON http://biblical-studies.ca/hebrew/pdfs/Hebrew_Alphabet.pdf, IF BETTER SOURCE AVAILABLE, PLEASE CORRECT! -->
+Note: [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL's]] transliteration system, recommended in its ''Handbook of Style'',<ref name=SBL>See online overview at [http://biblical-studies.ca/hebrew/pdfs/Hebrew_Alphabet.pdf Biblical Hebrew Resources]</ref> differs slightly from the 2006 ''precise'' transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for "[[ו]]" SBL uses "v" (≠ AHL "w"), for "[[צ]]" SBL uses "{{Unicode|ṣ}}" (≠ AHL "{{Unicode|ẓ}}"), and for [[Begadkefat|בג״ד כפ״ת]] with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t").<!-- THIS INFORMATION RELIES ON http://biblical-studies.ca/hebrew/pdfs/Hebrew_Alphabet.pdf, IF BETTER SOURCE AVAILABLE, PLEASE CORRECT! -->
 {|class=" wikitable collapsible collapsed"
@@ Line 545: / Line 538: @@
 !<small>Hebrew letter</small> ||<small>example</small>
 !<small>Translation</small>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white;"|
-!<small>Standard<br>Israeli<br>transliteration<br>– ''regular''</small><ref name=akademya>[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf Transliteration guidelines] by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]], November 2006</ref>||<small>example</small>
+!<small>Standard<br />Israeli<br />transliteration<br />– ''regular''</small><ref name=akademya>[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf Transliteration guidelines] by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]], November 2006</ref>||<small>example</small>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white;"|
-!<small>standard<br>Israeli<br>transliteration<br>– ''precise''</small><ref name=akademya/>||<small>example</small>
+!<small>standard<br />Israeli<br />transliteration<br />– ''precise''</small><ref name=akademya/>||<small>example</small>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white; border-bottom-color:white;"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white; border-bottom-color:white;"|
-!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[Phoneme|phonemic]]<br>transcription</small>||<small>example</small>
+!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[phoneme|phonemic]]<br />transcription</small>||<small>example</small>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white;"|
-!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[Phonetics|phonetic]]<br>transcription</small>||<small>example</small>
+!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[phonetics|phonetic]]<br />transcription</small>||<small>example</small>
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">א</span><small><br>consonantal, in<br>initial word<br>positions</small>||אִם || <small>if</small> || <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || im || || || ||  || {{IPA|[ʔ]}} || {{IPA|[ʔim]}}
+| <span style="font-size:180%">א</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in<br />initial word<br />positions</div></small>||אִם || <small>if</small> || <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A1_eg|A1|}} || im || || || ||  || {{IPAblink|ʔ}} || {{IPA|[ʔim]}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">א</span><small><br>consonantal, in<br>non initial word<br>positions</small>|| שָׁאַל || <small>asked</small> || <big>'</big> || sha<big>'</big>ál || <big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big> || {{Unicode|sha<big>ʾ</big>ál}} || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} || {{IPA|/ʃaˈʔal/}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">א</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in<br />non initial word<br />positions</div></small>|| שָׁאַל || <small>asked</small> || <big>'</big> || sha<big>'</big>ál || <big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big> || {{Unicode|sha<big>ʾ</big>ál}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || {{IPA|/ʃaˈʔal/}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">א</span><small><br>silent</small> || רִאשׁוֹן || <small>first</small> || <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || rishón   || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">א</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></small> || רִאשׁוֹן || <small>first</small> || <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A2_eg|A2|}} || rishón   || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">בּ</span>|| בֵּן || <small>son</small> || b || ben  || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">בּ</span>|| בֵּן || <small>son</small> || b || ben  || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ב</span>|| טוֹב || <small>good</small> || v || tov || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ב</span>|| טוֹב || <small>good</small> || v || tov || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">גּ</span>
+| <span style="font-size:180%">גּ</span>
 |rowspan=2| גַּג
 |rowspan=2| <small>roof</small>
@@ Line 576: / Line 569: @@
 |rowspan=2|
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ג</span>||{{Unicode|ḡ}}
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ג</span>||{{Unicode|ḡ}}
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ג׳</span>|| ג׳וּק || <small>roach</small> ||{{Unicode|[[ǧ]]}}<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small><ref name=foreign_sounds>[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/Tatik.pdf Transliteration guidelines preceding 2006-update], p. 2 [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]</ref>||{{Unicode|ǧuk}} || || || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || {{IPA|/d͡ʒuk/}} || ||
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ג׳</span>|| ג׳וּק || <small>roach</small> ||{{Unicode|[[ǧ]]}}{{ref label|geresh_B1_eg|B1|}}<ref name=foreign_sounds>[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/Tatik.pdf Transliteration guidelines preceding 2006-update], p. 2 [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]</ref>||{{Unicode|ǧuk}} || || || {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|/d͡ʒuk/}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">דּ</span>
+| <span style="font-size:180%">דּ</span>
 |rowspan=2| דּוּד
 |rowspan=2| <small>boiler</small>
@@ Line 592: / Line 585: @@
 |rowspan=2|
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ד</span>||{{Unicode|ḏ}}
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ד</span>||{{Unicode|ḏ}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ה</span><small><br>consonantal</small> || הֵד || <small>echo</small> || h || hed || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ה</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></small> || הֵד || <small>echo</small> || h || hed || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ה</span><small><br>silent</small> || פֹּה || <small>here</small> || <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || po || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ה</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></small> || פֹּה || <small>here</small> || <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A3_eg|A3|}} || po || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ו</span><small><br>consonantal</small> || וָו || <small>hook</small> || v || vav || w || waw || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ו</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></small> || וָו || <small>hook</small> || v || vav || w || waw || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">וּ</span> || הוּא || <small>he</small> || u || hu || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">וּ</span> || הוּא || <small>he</small> || u || hu || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">וֹ</span> || לוֹ || <small>to him</small> || o || lo || || || || || {{IPA|[o̞]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[ɔ̝]}} || {{IPA|[lo̞, lɔ̝]}}
+| <span style="font-size:180%">וֹ</span> || לוֹ || <small>to him</small> || o || lo || || || || || {{IPAblink|o̞}} <small>or</small> {{IPAblink|ɔ̝}} || {{IPA|[lo̞, lɔ̝]}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ז</span> || זֶה || <small>this</small> || z || ze || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ז</span> || זֶה || <small>this</small> || z || ze || || || || || ||
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ז׳</span>|| זָ׳רְגוֹן || <small>jargon</small> ||{{Unicode|[[ž]]}}<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small><ref name=foreign_sounds/>||{{Unicode|žargón}}|| || || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} ||  {{IPA|/ʒarˈgon/}} || ||
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ז׳</span>|| זָ׳רְגוֹן || <small>jargon</small> ||{{Unicode|[[ž]]}}{{ref label|geresh_B2_eg|B2|}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>||{{Unicode|žargón}}|| || || {{IPAslink|ʒ}} ||  {{IPA|/ʒarˈɡon/}} || ||
 |-
-|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:200%">ח</span>
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ח</span>
 |rowspan=2| חַם
 |rowspan=2| <small>hot</small>
-|rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ẖ}} <small><sup>(3)</sup></small>
+|rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ẖ}} {{ref label|ch_C1_eg|C1|}}
 |rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ẖam}}
 |rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ḥ}}
-|rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ḥam}} || {{IPA|/x/ <small>or</small> /χ/}} || {{IPA|/xam/}} || {{IPA|[χ]}} || {{IPA|[χam]}}
+|rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ḥam}} || {{IPAslink|x}} <small>or</small> {{IPAslink|χ}} || {{IPA|/xam/}} || {{IPAblink|χ}} || {{IPA|[χam]}}
 |-
-|valign=bottom|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br>{{IPA|[ħ]}}
+|valign=bottom|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAblink|ħ}}
 |valign=bottom| {{IPA|[ħam]}}
 |
 |
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ט</span> || קָט || <small>tiny</small> || t || kat || {{Unicode|ṭ}} || {{Unicode|kaṭ}} || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ט</span> || קָט || <small>tiny</small> || t || kat || {{Unicode|ṭ}} || {{Unicode|kaṭ}} || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><br>consonantal</small> || יָם || <small>sea</small> || y || yam || || || {{IPA|/j/}} || {{IPA|/jam/}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">י</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></small> || יָם || <small>sea</small> || y || yam || || || {{IPAslink|j}} || {{IPA|/jam/}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><br>part of hirik male<br>(/i/&nbsp;vowel)</small> || בִּי || <small>in me</small> || i || bi || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">part of hirik male<br />(/i/&nbsp;vowel)</div></small> || בִּי || <small>in me</small> || i || bi || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><br>part of tsere male<br>(/e/&nbsp;vowel or<br>/ei/&nbsp;diphthong)</small> || מֵידָע  || <small>information</small> || e || medá || é || médá || {{IPA|/e/}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/meˈda/}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/mejˈda/}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">י</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">part of tsere male<br />(/e/&nbsp;vowel or<br />/ei/&nbsp;diphthong)</div></small> || מֵידָע  || <small>information</small> || e || medá || é || médá || {{IPAslink|e̞|showsymbol=e}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPA|/meˈda/}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/mejˈda/}} || {{IPAblink|e̞}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/e̞j/}} || {{IPA|[me̞ˈda]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[me̞jˈda]}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">כּ, ךּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><small><sup>(4)</sup></small></span> || כֹּה || <small>so</small> || k || ko || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%; line-height:1em;">כּ, ךּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><ref name="kaf_sofit"/></span> || כֹּה || <small>so</small> || k || ko || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%;">כ, ך</span> || סְכָךְ || <small>branch-roofing</small> || kh <small><sup>(3)</sup></small> || skhakh || {{Unicode|ḵ}} || {{Unicode|sḵaḵ}} || {{IPA|/x/ <small>or</small> /χ/}} || {{IPA|/sxax/}} || {{IPA|[χ]}} || {{IPA|[sχaχ]}}
+| <span style="font-size:180%;">כ, ך</span> || סְכָךְ || <small>branch-roofing</small> || kh {{ref label|ch_C2_eg|C2|}} || skhakh || {{Unicode|ḵ}} || {{Unicode|sḵaḵ}} || {{IPAslink|x}} <small>or</small> {{IPAslink|χ}} || {{IPA|/sxax/}} || {{IPAblink|χ}} || {{IPA|[sχaχ]}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ל</span> || לִי || <small>to me</small> || l || li || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ל</span> || לִי || <small>to me</small> || l || li || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">מ, ם</span> || מוּם || <small>defect</small> || m || mum || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">מ, ם</span> || מוּם || <small>defect</small> || m || mum || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">נ, ן</span> || נִין || <small>great-grandson</small> || n || nin || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">נ, ן</span> || נִין || <small>great-grandson</small> || n || nin || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ס</span> || סוֹף || <small>end</small> || s || sof  || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ס</span> || סוֹף || <small>end</small> || s || sof  || || || || || ||
 |-
-|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:200%">ע</span><small><br>in initial or final<br>word positions</small>
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ע</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">in initial or final<br />word positions</div></small>
 |rowspan=2| עַדְלֹאיָדַע
 |rowspan=2| <small>[[Purim]]-parade</small>
-|rowspan=2| <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small>
+|rowspan=2| <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A4_eg|A4|}}
 |rowspan=2| adloyáda
 |rowspan=2| <big>{{Unicode|ʿ}}</big>
 |rowspan=2| {{Unicode|<big>ʿ</big>adloyáda<big>ʿ</big>}}
-| || ||<small>only in initial<br>word position<br></small>{{IPA|[ʔ]}} || {{IPA|[ˌʔadlo̞ˈjada]}}
+| || ||<small>only in initial<br />word position<br /></small>{{IPAblink|ʔ}} || {{IPA|[ˌʔadlo̞ˈjada]}}
 |-
-|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br>{{IPA|/ʕ/}}
+|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAslink|ʕ}}
 |valign=bottom| {{IPA|/ˌʕadloˈjadaʕ/}} || ||
 |-
-|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:200%">ע</span><small><br>in medial<br>word positions</small>
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ע</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">in medial<br />word positions</div></small>
 |rowspan=2| מוֹעִיל
 |rowspan=2| <small>useful</small>
@@ Line 660: / Line 653: @@
 |rowspan=2| <big>{{Unicode|ʿ}}</big>
 |rowspan=2| {{Unicode|mo<big>ʿ</big>íl}}
-|{{IPA|/ʔ/}} || {{IPA|/moˈʔil/}} || ||
+|{{IPAslink|ʔ}} || {{IPA|/moˈʔil/}} || ||
 |-
-|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br>{{IPA|/ʕ/}} || {{IPA|/moˈʕil/}} || ||
+|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPA|/moˈʕil/}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">פּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><small><sup>(5)</sup></small></span> || טִיפּ  || <small>tip</small> || p || tip || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%; line-height:1em;">פּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override">{{ref label|final_pe_D_eg|D|}}</span> || טִיפּ  || <small>tip</small> || p || tip || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">פ, ף</span> || פִסְפֵס || <small>missed</small> || f || fisfés || || || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">פ, ף</span> || פִסְפֵס || <small>missed</small> || f || fisfés || || || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">צ, ץ</span> || צִיץ || <small>bud</small> || ts || tsits || {{Unicode|ẓ}} || {{Unicode|ẓiẓ}} || {{IPA|/t͡s/}} || {{IPA|/t͡sit͡s/}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">צ, ץ</span> || צִיץ || <small>bud</small> || ts || tsits || {{Unicode|ẓ}} || {{Unicode|ẓiẓ}} || {{IPAslink|t͡s}} || {{IPA|/t͡sit͡s/}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">צ׳, ץ׳</span> ||ריצ׳רץ׳ || <small>zip</small> ||{{Unicode|[[č]]}}<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small><ref name=foreign_sounds/>||{{Unicode|ríčrač}}|| || || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || {{IPA|/ˈrit͡ʃrat͡ʃ/}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">צ׳, ץ׳</span> ||ריצ׳רץ׳ || <small>zip</small> ||{{Unicode|[[č]]}}{{ref label|geresh_B3_eg|B3|}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>||{{Unicode|ríčrač}}|| || || {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|/ˈrit͡ʃrat͡ʃ/}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ק</span> || קוֹל || <small>sound</small> || k || kol || q || qol || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ק</span> || קוֹל || <small>sound</small> || k || kol || q || qol || || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ר</span> || עִיר || <small>city</small> || r || ir || || || || || {{IPA|[ʀ]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[ʁ]}} || {{IPA|[iʀ]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[iʁ]}}
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ר</span> ||rowspan=2| עִיר ||rowspan=2| <small>city</small> ||rowspan=2| r ||rowspan=2| ir ||rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2| || {{IPAblink|ʀ}} <small>or</small> {{IPAblink|ʁ}} || {{IPA|[iʀ]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[iʁ]}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">שׁ</span> || שָׁם || <small>there</small> || sh || sham || {{Unicode|š}} || {{Unicode|šam}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || {{IPA|/ʃam/}} ||
+| <small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAblink|r}} <small>or</small> {{IPAblink|ɾ}} ||valign=bottom| {{IPA|[ir]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[iɾ]}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">שׂ</span> || שָׂם || <small>put</small> || s || sam || {{Unicode|ś}} || {{Unicode|śam}} || || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">שׁ</span> || שָׁם || <small>there</small> || sh || sham || {{Unicode|š}} || {{Unicode|šam}} || {{IPAslink|ʃ}} || {{IPA|/ʃam/}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">תּ</span>
+| <span style="font-size:180%">שׂ</span> || שָׂם || <small>put</small> || s || sam || {{Unicode|ś}} || {{Unicode|śam}} || || || ||
+|-
+| <span style="font-size:180%">תּ</span>
 |rowspan=2| תּוּת
 |rowspan=2| <small>strawberry</small>
@@ Line 692: / Line 687: @@
 |rowspan=2|
 |-
-| valign=bottom| <span style="font-size:200%">ת</span>
+| valign=bottom| <span style="font-size:180%">ת</span>
 | valign=bottom| {{Unicode|ṯ}}
-|-
-|colspan=15|
-<small><sup>(1)</sup></small>In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ע (in regular transliteration), silent or initial א, and silent ה are ''not'' transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – [[niqqud]] (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", {{IPA|[ʔim]}}), אֵם ("mother", {{IPA|[ʔe̞m]}}) and אֹם ("[[Nut (hardware)|nut]]", {{IPA|[ʔo̞m]}}), the letter א always represents the same consonant: {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ([[glottal stop]]), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] ascertains that א in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop &nbsp;<big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big>&nbsp; is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively.
-<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small>The [[diacritic]] [[geresh]] – "׳" – is used with some other letters as well (ד׳, ח׳, ט׳, ע׳, ר׳, ת׳, see ''[[geresh]]''), but only to transliterate ''from'' other lanaguages ''to'' Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard (i.e., inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]) "ו׳" and "וו" are sometimes used to represent {{IPA|/w/}}, which like {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords. However, the guidelines of the Academy of the Hebrew Language specify that {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} be indistinguishably represented by "ו" ([[Waw (letter)|vav]]); see ''[[Waw (letter)#Hebrew Vav|Hebrew Vav]]'' for the orthographic variants of vav.
-<small><sup>(3)</sup></small>The Sound {{IPA|/χ/}} (as "ch" in [[loch]]) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]: "cham"; "schach".
-<small><sup>(4)</sup></small>"ךּ" (final kaf with dagesh) is rare but exists, e.g. last word in [[Deuteronomy]] 7 1 (דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳) in the word "<span style="font-family:'times new roman'; font-size:14pt;">מִמֶּךָּ</span>"<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><ref name=mimeka>[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0507.htm תנ״ך מנוקד, דברים פרק ז׳]</ref></span>
-<small><sup>(5)</sup></small>When representing {{IPA|/p/}}, [[Pe (letter)|pe]] is always written in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ {{IPA|/ʃop/}} ''"shop"''), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ {{IPA|/ˈfilip/}} ''"Philip"'') and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ {{IPA|/χaˈrap/}} ''"slept deeply"'').
 |}
 {|class="wikitable collapsible"
+|-
 !<small>Hebrew letter</small>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white;"|
-!<small>Standard<br>Israeli<br>transliteration<br>– ''regular''</small><ref name=akademya/>
+!<small>Standard<br />Israeli<br />transliteration<br />– ''regular''</small><ref name=akademya/>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white;"|
-! <small>standard<br>Israeli<br>transliteration<br>– ''precise''</small><ref name=akademya/>
+! <small>standard<br />Israeli<br />transliteration<br />– ''precise''</small><ref name=akademya/>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white; border-bottom-color:white;"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white; border-bottom-color:white;"|
-!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[Phoneme|phonemic]]<br>transcription</small>
+!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[phoneme|phonemic]]<br />transcription</small>
-|rowspan=44 style="background-color:white"|
+| rowspan="45" style="background:white;"|
-!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[Phonetics|phonetic]]<br>transcription</small>
+!<small>[[IPA]]&nbsp;[[phonetics|phonetic]]<br />transcription</small>
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">א</span><small><br>consonantal, in<br>initial word<br>positions</small>|| <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || || || {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
+| <span style="font-size:180%">א</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in<br />initial word<br />positions</div></small>|| <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A1|A1|}} || || || {{IPAblink|ʔ}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">א</span><small><br>consonantal, in<br>non initial word<br>positions</small>|| <big>'</big> || <big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big> || {{IPA|/ʔ/}} ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">א</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal, in<br />non initial word<br />positions</div></small>|| <big>'</big> || <big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big> || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">א</span><small><br>silent</small> || <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">א</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></small> || <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A2|A2|}} || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">בּ</span>|| b || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">בּ</span>|| b || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ב</span>|| v || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ב</span>|| v || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">גּ</span>
+| <span style="font-size:180%">גּ</span>
 |rowspan=2| g
 | g
@@ Line 735: / Line 719: @@
 |rowspan=2|
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ג</span>||{{Unicode|ḡ}}
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ג</span>||{{Unicode|ḡ}}
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ג׳</span>||{{Unicode|[[ǧ]]}}<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small><ref name=foreign_sounds/>|| || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} ||
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ג׳</span>||{{Unicode|[[ǧ]]}}{{ref label|geresh_B1|B1|}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>|| || {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">דּ</span>
+| <span style="font-size:180%">דּ</span>
 |rowspan=2| d
 | d
@@ Line 745: / Line 729: @@
 |rowspan=2|
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ד</span>||{{Unicode|ḏ}}
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ד</span>||{{Unicode|ḏ}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ה</span><small><br>consonantal</small> || h || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ה</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></small> || h || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ה</span><small><br>silent</small> || <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small> || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ה</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">silent</div></small> || <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A3|A3|}} || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ו</span><small><br>consonantal</small> || v || w || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ו</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></small> || v || w || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">וּ</span> || u || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">וּ</span> || u || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">וֹ</span> || o || || || {{IPA|[o̞]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[ɔ̝]}}
+| <span style="font-size:180%">וֹ</span> || o || || || {{IPAblink|o̞}} <small>or</small> {{IPAblink|ɔ̝}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ז</span> || z || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ז</span> || z || || ||
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">ז׳</span>||{{Unicode|[[ž]]}}<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small><ref name=foreign_sounds/>|| || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} ||
+|<span style="font-size:180%">ז׳</span>||{{Unicode|[[ž]]}}{{ref label|geresh_B2|B2|}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>|| || {{IPAslink|ʒ}} ||
 |-
-|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:200%">ח</span>
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ח</span>
-|rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ẖ}}<small><sup>(3)</sup></small>
+|rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ẖ}}{{ref label|ch_C1|C1|}}
 |rowspan=2| {{Unicode|ḥ}}
-| {{IPA|/x/ <small>or</small> /χ/}} || {{IPA|[χ]}}
+| {{IPAslink|χ|showsymbol=x}} <small>or</small> {{IPAslink|χ}} || {{IPAblink|χ}}
 |-
-|valign=bottom|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br>{{IPA|[ħ]}} ||
+|valign=bottom|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAblink|ħ}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ט</span> || t || {{Unicode|ṭ}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ט</span> || t || {{Unicode|ṭ}} || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><br>consonantal</small> || y || || {{IPA|/j/}} ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">י</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">consonantal</div></small> || y || || {{IPAslink|j}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><br>part of hirik male<br>(/i/&nbsp;vowel)</small> || i || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">י</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">part of hirik male<br />(/i/&nbsp;vowel)</div></small> || i || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">י</span><small><br>part of tsere male<br>(/e/&nbsp;vowel or<br>/ei/&nbsp;diphthong)</small> || e || é || {{IPA|/e/}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/ej/}} ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">י</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">part of tsere male<br />(/e/&nbsp;vowel or<br />/ei/&nbsp;diphthong)</div></small> || e || é || {{IPAslink|e̞|showsymbol=e}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|/ej/}} || {{IPAblink|e̞}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[e̞j]/}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">כּ, ךּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><small><sup>(4)</sup></small></span> || k || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%; line-height:1em;">כּ, ךּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><ref name="kaf_sofit"/></span> || k || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%;">כ, ך</span> || kh || {{Unicode|ḵ}} || {{IPA|/x/ <small>or</small> /χ/}} || {{IPA|[χ]}}
+| <span style="font-size:180%;">כ, ך</span> || kh{{ref label|ch_C2|C2|}}  || {{Unicode|ḵ}} || {{IPAslink|x}} <small>or</small> {{IPAslink|χ}} || {{IPAblink|χ}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ל</span>  || l || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ל</span>  || l || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">מ, ם</span> || m || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">מ, ם</span> || m || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">נ, ן</span> || n || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">נ, ן</span> || n || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ס</span> || s || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ס</span> || s || || ||
 |-
-|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:200%">ע</span><small><br>in initial or final<br>word positions</small>
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ע</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">in initial or final<br />word positions</div></small>
-|rowspan=2| <small>''none''</small><small><sup>(1)</sup></small>
+|rowspan=2| <small>''none''</small>{{ref label|silent_A4|A4|}}
-|rowspan=2| <big>{{Unicode|ʿ}}</big> || || <small>only in initial<br>word position<br></small>{{IPA|[ʔ]}}
+|rowspan=2| <big>{{Unicode|ʿ}}</big> || || <small>only in initial<br />word position<br /></small>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
 |-
-|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br>{{IPA|/ʕ/}} ||
+|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAslink|ʕ}} ||
 |-
-|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:200%">ע</span><small><br>in medial<br>word positions</small>
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ע</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;">in medial<br />word positions</div></small>
 |rowspan=2| <big>'</big>
 |rowspan=2| <big>{{Unicode|ʿ}}</big>
-|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}  ||
+|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}  ||
 |-
-|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br>{{IPA|/ʕ/}} ||
+|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAslink|ʕ}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">פּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><small><sup>(5)</sup></small></span> || p || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%; line-height:1em;">פּ</span><span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override">{{ref label|final_pe_D|D|}}</span> || p || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">פ, ף</span> || f || || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">פ, ף</span> || f || || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">צ, ץ</span> || ts || {{Unicode|ẓ}} || {{IPA|/t͡s/}} ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">צ, ץ</span> || ts || {{Unicode|ẓ}} || {{IPAslink|t͡s}} ||
 |-
-|<span style="font-size:200%">צ׳, ץ׳</span>||{{Unicode|[[č]]}}<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small><ref name=foreign_sounds/>|| || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} ||
+|<span style="font-size:180%">צ׳, ץ׳</span>||{{Unicode|[[č]]}}{{ref label|geresh_B3|B3|}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>|| || {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ק</span> || k || q || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">ק</span> || k || q || ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">ר</span> || r || || || {{IPA|[ʀ]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
+|rowspan=2| <span style="font-size:180%">ר</span> ||rowspan=2| r ||rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2| || {{IPAblink|ʀ}} <small>or</small> {{IPAblink|ʁ}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">שׁ</span> || sh || {{Unicode|š}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ||
+|<small>[[dialect]]ical</small><br />{{IPAblink|r}} <small>or</small> {{IPAblink|ɾ}}
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">שׂ</span> || s || {{Unicode|ś}} || ||
+| <span style="font-size:180%">שׁ</span> || sh || {{Unicode|š}} || {{IPAslink|ʃ}} ||
 |-
-| <span style="font-size:200%">תּ</span>
+| <span style="font-size:180%">שׂ</span> || s || {{Unicode|ś}} || ||
+|-
+| <span style="font-size:180%">תּ</span>
 |rowspan=2| t
 | {{Unicode|t}}
@@ Line 823: / Line 809: @@
 |rowspan=2|
 |-
-| valign=bottom| <span style="font-size:200%">ת</span>
+| valign=bottom| <span style="font-size:180%">ת</span>
 | valign=bottom| {{Unicode|ṯ}}
 |}
-<small><sup>(1)</sup></small>In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ע (in regular transliteration), silent or initial א, and silent ה are ''not'' transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – [[niqqud]] (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", {{IPA|[ʔim]}}), אֵם ("mother", {{IPA|[ʔe̞m]}}) and אֹם ("[[Nut (hardware)|nut]]", {{IPA|[ʔo̞m]}}), the letter א always represents the same consonant: {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ([[glottal stop]]), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] ascertains that א in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop &nbsp;<big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big>&nbsp; is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively.
+;Notes:
+{{note label|silent_A1_eg|}}{{note label|silent_A2_eg|}}{{note label|silent_A3_eg|}}{{note label|silent_A4_eg|}}<sup>'''A'''1{{note|silent_A1}}2{{note|silent_A2}}3{{note|silent_A3}}4{{note|silent_A4}}</sup>In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ע (in regular transliteration), silent or initial א, and silent ה are ''not'' transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – [[niqqud]] (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", {{IPA|[ʔim]}}), אֵם ("mother", {{IPA|[ʔe̞m]}}) and אֹם ("[[nut (hardware)|nut]]", {{IPA|[ʔo̞m]}}), the letter א always represents the same consonant: {{IPAblink|ʔ}} ([[glottal stop]]), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] ascertains that א in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop &nbsp;<big>{{Unicode|ʾ}}</big>&nbsp; is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively.
-<small><sup>(2)</sup> </small>The [[diacritic]] [[geresh]] – "׳" – is used with some other letters as well (ד׳, ח׳, ט׳, ע׳, ר׳, ת׳, see ''[[geresh]]''), but only to transliterate ''from'' other languages ''to'' Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard (i.e., inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]) "ו׳" and "וו" are sometimes used to represent {{IPA|/w/}}, which like {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʒ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords. However, the guidelines of the Academy of the Hebrew Language specify that {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} be indistinguishably represented by "ו" ([[Waw (letter)|vav]]); see ''[[Waw (letter)#Hebrew Vav|Hebrew Vav]]'' for the orthographic variants of vav.
+{{note label|geresh_B1_eg|}}{{note label|geresh_B2_eg|}}{{note label|geresh_B3_eg|}}<sup>'''B'''1{{note|geresh_B1}}2{{note|geresh_B2}}3{{note|geresh_B3}}</sup>The [[diacritic]] [[geresh]] – "׳" – is used with some other letters as well (ד׳, ח׳, ט׳, ע׳, ר׳, ת׳, see ''[[geresh]]''), but only to transliterate ''from'' other languages ''to'' Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard "ו׳" and "וו" {{ref label|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_1|e1|}} are sometimes used to represent {{IPAslink|w}}, which like {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} and {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords; see ''[[Waw (letter)#Hebrew Vav|Hebrew Vav]]'' for the orthographic variants of vav.
-<small><sup>(3)</sup></small>The Sound {{IPA|/χ/}} (as "ch" in [[loch]]) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]: "cham"; "schach".
+{{note label|ch_C1_eg|}}{{note label|ch_C2_eg|}}<sup>'''C'''1{{note|ch_C1}}2{{note|ch_C2}}</sup>The Sound {{IPAslink|χ}} (as "ch" in [[loch]]) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]: חם {{IPA|/χam/}} → "cham"; סכך {{IPA|/sχaχ/}} → "schach".
-<small><sup>(4)</sup></small>"ךּ" (final kaf with dagesh) is rare but exists, e.g. last word in [[Deuteronomy]] 7 1 (דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳) in the word "<span style="font-family:'times new roman'; font-size:large;">מִמֶּךָּ</span>"<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><ref name=mimeka/></span>
+{{note label|final_pe_D_eg|}}<sup>'''D'''{{note|final_pe_D}}</sup>Although the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh ([[Book of Proverbs]] 30, 6: "{{Hebrew|אַל-תּוֹסְףְּ עַל-דְּבָרָיו: פֶּן-יוֹכִיחַ בְּךָ וְנִכְזָבְתָּ.}}"), in modern Hebrew {{IPAslink|p}} is always represented by [[Pe (letter)|pe]] in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ {{IPA|/ʃop/}} ''"shop"''), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ {{IPA|/ˈfilip/}} ''"Philip"'') and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ {{IPA|/χaˈrap/}} ''"slept deeply"'').
-<small><sup>(5)</sup></small>When representing {{IPA|/p/}}, [[Pe (letter)|pe]] is always written in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ {{IPA|/ʃop/}} ''"shop"''), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ {{IPA|/ˈfilip/}} ''"Philip"'') and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ {{IPA|/χaˈrap/}} ''"slept deeply"'').
 ==Pronunciation==
-{{further|[[Hebrew phonology]] and [[Help:IPA for Hebrew]]}}
+{{further|[[Hebrew phonology]] and [[WP:IPA for Hebrew]]}}
 The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew. For a concise summary, see the article International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew. For further information on regional and historical variations in pronunciation, see Hebrew phonology.
 {|class="wikitable"
+|- style="vertical-align:top"
+!| Letters
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| א
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  בּ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  ב
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  ג
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  גּ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  ג׳
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  ד
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  דּ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|  ד׳
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ה
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ו
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| וּ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| וֹ
+| style="text-align:center;"| <span style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"> וו , ו׳</span><small><div style="line-height:1em;"><br />(non-standard)</div></small>{{ref label|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_2|e2|}}
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ז
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ז׳
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ח
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ט
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| י
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | Letters
+! [[WP:IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| א
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, {{IPAlink|∅}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  בּ
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|b}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  ב
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|v}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  ג
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  גּ
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  ג׳
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| {{IPAblink|d}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  ד
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|ð}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  דּ
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[h~ʔ]}}, {{IPAlink|∅}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|  ד׳
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|v}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ה
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[u]}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ו
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[o̞]}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| וּ
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|w}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| וֹ
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|z}}
-| align="center" | <span style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"> וו , ו׳</span><small><br>(non-standard)</small><ref name="trans-into-heb"/>
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|ʒ}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ז
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|χ}}~{{IPAblink|ħ}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ז׳
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|t}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ח
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|j}}
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ט
+|- style="vertical-align:top"
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| י
+!| Letters
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override; direction:rtl;">‏ִי</span>
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| כּ ךּ<div style="font-size:10pt; line-height:1em; direction:ltr;"><br /><ref name="kaf_sofit"/></div>
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ך כ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ל
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ם מ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ן נ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ס
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ע
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| פּ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| פ ף
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ץ צ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ץ׳ צ׳
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ק
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ר
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|שׁ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"|שׂ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| תּ
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ת
+| style="text-align:center; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman; font-size:200%;"| ת׳
 |-
-! [[IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
+! [[WP:IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[ʔ|[ʔ]]]}}, [[Zero (linguistics)|{{IPA|∅}}]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|i}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced bilabial plosive|[b]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|k}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced labiodental fricative|[v]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|χ}}
-| align="center"  colspan=2 | {{IPA|[[Voiced velar plosive|[g]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|l}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|[d͡ʒ]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|m}}
-| align="center" colspan=2 | {{IPA|[[Voiced alveolar plosive|[d]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|n}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced dental fricative|[ð]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|s}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[h~ʔ]}}, [[Zero (linguistics)|{{IPA|∅}}]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|ʔ}}~{{IPAblink|ʕ}}, {{IPAlink|∅}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced labiodental fricative|[v]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|p}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[u]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|f}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[o̞]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced labial-velar approximant|[w]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|tʃ}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced alveolar fricative|[z]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|k}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced postalveolar fricative|[ʒ]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|ʁ}}
-| align="center" | [[Voiceless uvular fricative|{{IPA|[χ]}}]]~[[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|[ħ]}}]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|[t]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|s}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Palatal approximant|[j]]]}}
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| {{IPAblink|t}}
-|-
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|θ}}
-! rowspan=1 | Letters
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override; direction:rtl;">ִי</span>
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| כּ ךּ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ך כ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ל
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ם מ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ן נ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ס
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ע
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| פּ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| פ ף
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ץ צ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ץ׳ צ׳
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ק
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ר
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|שׁ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|שׂ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| תּ
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ת
-| align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"| ת׳
-|-
-! [[IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless velar plosive|[k]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless uvular fricative|[χ]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Alveolar lateral approximant|[l]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Bilabial nasal|[m]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Alveolar nasal|[n]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|[s]]]}}
-| align="center" | [[ʔ|{{IPA|[ʔ]}}]]~[[ʕ|{{IPA|[ʕ]}}]], [[Zero (linguistics)|{{IPA|∅}}]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless bilabial plosive|[p]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|[f]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|[t͡s]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|[tʃ]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless velar plosive|[k]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiced uvular fricative|[ʁ]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|[ʃ]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolar fricative|[s]]]}}
-| align="center" colspan=2 | {{IPA|[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|[t]]]}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[[Voiceless dental fricative|[θ]]]}}
 |}
@@ Line 932: / Line 917: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-!! colspan=1 | Symbol
+!!| Symbol
-!! colspan=1 | Name
+!!| Name
-!! colspan=1 | [[Transliteration]]
+!!| [[Transliteration]]
-!! colspan=1 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
+!!| [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
-!! colspan=1 | Example
+!!| Example
 |-
-| align=center style="padding-top:9px; padding-bottom:9px"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׂ</span>}} <span valign=center>(left dot)</span>
+| style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px; padding-bottom:9px;"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׂ</span>}} <span>(left dot)</span>
 | ''sin''
-| align="center" | s
+| style="text-align:center;"| s
-| align="center" | {{IPA|/s/}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/s/}}
-| align="center" | '''s'''our
+| style="text-align:center;"| '''s'''our
 |-
-| align=center style="padding-top:9px; padding-bottom:9px"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׁ</span>}} (right dot)
+| style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px; padding-bottom:9px;"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׁ</span>}} (right dot)
 | ''shin''
-| align="center" | sh
+| style="text-align:center;"| sh
-| align="center" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
-| align="center" | '''sh'''op
+| style="text-align:center;"| '''sh'''op
-|-
 |}
-Historically, ''left-dot-sin'', corresponds to [[Proto-Semitic]] *{{transl|sem|ś}}, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to a [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]  {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, as is evident in Greek translitaration of Hebrew words such as [[Balsam]] (בוֹשׂם)(the ''ls'' - 'שׂ') as is evident in the [[Targum Onkelos]]{{Fact|date=June 2009}}. Rendering of proto-semitic *{{transl|sem|ś}} as {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, is still evident in the [[Soqotri language]]{{Fact|date=June 2009}}.
+Historically, ''left-dot-sin'', corresponds to [[Proto-Semitic]] *{{transl|sem|ś}}, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to a [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]  {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, as is evident in Greek transliteration of Hebrew words such as ''Balsam'' (בֹּשֶׂם) (the ''ls'' - 'שׂ') as is evident in the [[Targum Onkelos]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}. Rendering of proto-semitic *{{transl|sem|ś}} as {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, is still evident in the [[Soqotri language]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}.
 ===Dagesh===
 {{main|Dagesh}}
-Historically, the consonants {{hebrew|ב}} ''bet'',''beis'', {{hebrew|ג}} ''gimel'', {{hebrew|ד}} ''dalet'', {{hebrew|כ}} ''kaf'',''kof'', {{hebrew|פ}} ''pe'',''pey'', and {{hebrew|ת}} ''tav'' each had two sounds: one hard ([[plosive consonant|plosive]]), and one soft ([[fricative consonant|fricative]]), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called ''dagesh'' ({{hebrew|דגש}}), while the soft sounds lack a ''dagesh''. In modern Hebrew, however, the ''dagesh'' only changes the pronunciation of {{hebrew|ב}} ''bet'', {{hebrew|כ}} ''kaf'', {{hebrew|פ}} ''pe'', and {{hebrew|ת}} ''tav'' (''tav'' only changes in Ashkenazi (sof) and Yemenite pronunciations).
+Historically, the consonants {{hebrew|ב}} ''bet'',''beis'', {{hebrew|ג}} ''gimel'', {{hebrew|ד}} ''dalet'', {{hebrew|כ}} ''kaf'',''kof'', {{hebrew|פ}} ''pe'',''pey'', and {{hebrew|ת}} ''tav'' each had two sounds: one hard ([[plosive consonant|plosive]]), and one soft ([[fricative consonant|fricative]]), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called ''dagesh'' ({{hebrew|דגש}}), while the soft sounds lack a ''dagesh''. In modern Hebrew, however, the ''dagesh'' only changes the pronunciation of {{hebrew|ב}} ''bet'', {{hebrew|כ}} ''kaf'', and {{hebrew|פ}} ''pe''.  The differences are as follows:
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 963: / Line 947: @@
 !! colspan=5 | Without dagesh
 |-
-!! colspan=1 |Symbol
+!!|Symbol
 ! Name
 ! Transliteration
-! [[Help:IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
+! [[WP:IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
 ! Example
-!! colspan=1 |Symbol
+!!|Symbol
 ! Name
 ! Transliteration
-! [[Help:IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
+! [[WP:IPA for Hebrew|IPA]]
 ! Example
 |-
@@ Line 985: / Line 969: @@
 | '''v'''an
 |-
-| align=center | <span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override;"><ref>"ךּ" is rare but exists, e.g. last word in [[Deuteronomy]] 7 1 (דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳) in the word "<span style="font-family:'times new roman'; font-size:14pt;">מִמֶּךָּ</span>" – see [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0507.htm תנ״ך מנוקד, דברים פרק ז׳]</ref></span>{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.5em;">כּ ךּ</span>}}
+| align=center | <span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override;"><ref name="kaf_sofit">"ךּ" is rare but exists, e.g. last word in [[Deuteronomy]] 7 1 (דברים פרק ז׳ פסוק א׳) in the word "<span style="font-family:'times new roman', SBL Hebrew, David, Narkisim, serif; font-size:14pt;">מִמֶּךָּ</span>" – see [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/t/t0507.htm תנ״ך מנוקד, דברים פרק ז׳]</ref></span>{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.5em;">כּ ךּ</span>}}
 | ''kaph''
 | k
@@ Line 1,006: / Line 990: @@
 | /f/
 | '''f'''ind
-|-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">תּ</span>}}
-| ''tav''
-| t
-| /t/
-| '''t'''alent
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ת</span>}}
-| ''sav''*
-| s
-| /s/
-| '''s'''orry
-|-
 |}
-<small>* Only in Ashkenazi pronunciations. In Israeli Hebrew, it is always a ''tav'', with a {{IPA|/t/}} sound.<br>** The letters ''gimmel'' ({{Unicode|ג}}) and ''dalet'' ({{Unicode|ד}}) also have ''dagesh'' (dotted) forms, but these do not differ phonetically from the forms without the ''dagesh'' in most of the Modern Hebrew dialects. Israeli Hebrew also exhibits no phonetic distinction between ''tav'' ({{Unicode|ת}}) with or without a ''dagesh''. </small>
+In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern.
+*In some [[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardi]] and [[Mizrahi Hebrew|Mizrahi]] dialects, ''bet'' without dagesh is pronounced {{IPA|[b]}}, like ''bet'' with dagesh
+*In [[Syrian Jews#Pronunciation of Hebrew|Syrian]] and [[Yemenite Hebrew]], ''gimel'' without dagesh is pronounced {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
+*In Yemenite Hebrew, and in the Iraqi pronunciation of the word "Adonai", ''dalet'' without dagesh is pronounced {{IPA|[ð]}} as in "these"
+*In [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]], ''tav'' without dagesh is pronounced {{IPA|[s]}} as in "silk"
+*In Iraqi and [[Yemenite Hebrew]], and formerly in some other dialects, ''tav'' without dagesh is pronounced {{IPA|[θ]}} is in "thick"
 ===Identical pronunciation===
@@ Line 1,026: / Line 1,004: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-!! align=center colspan=4 | Letters !! Transliteration !! Pronunciation (IPA)
+!! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"| Letters !! Transliteration !! Pronunciation (IPA)
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">א</span>}}<br>''aleph''*
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">א</span>}}<br />''Alef''*
-| align=center colspan=3 | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ע</span>}} <br>''ayin''*
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ע</span>}} <br />''Ayin''*
 | align=center | -
-| align=center | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
+| align=center | (vowel)
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ב</span>}}<br>''vet'' (without ''dagesh'')
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ב</span>}}<br />''Bet'' (without ''dagesh'')
-| align=center colspan=3 | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ו</span>}}<br>''vav''
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ו</span>}}<br />''Vav''
 | align=center | v
 | align=center | {{IPA|/v/}}
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ח</span>}}<br>''chet''
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ח</span>}}<br />''Het''
-| align=center colspan=3 | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">כ</span>}}<br>''khaph'' (without ''dagesh'')
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">כ</span>}}<br />''Kaf'' (without ''dagesh'')
 | align=center | kh/ch/h
 | align=center | {{IPA|/χ/}}
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ט</span>}}<br>''tet''
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ט</span>}}<br />''Tet''
-| align=center colspan=3 |{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ת</span>}}<br>''tav''
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ת</span>}}<br />''Tav''
 | align=center | t
 | align=center | {{IPA|/t/}}
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;" >כּ</span>}}<br>''kaph'' (with ''dagesh'')
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;" >כּ</span>}}<br />''Kaf'' (with ''dagesh'')
-| align=center colspan=3 |{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ק</span>}}<br>''qoph''
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|{{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ק</span>}}<br />''Qof''
 | align=center | k
 | align=center | {{IPA|/k/}}
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ס</span>}}<br>''samekh''
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ס</span>}}<br />''Samekh''
-| align=center colspan=3 style="padding-top:9px"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׂ</span>}}<br>''sin'' (with left dot)
+| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px;"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">שׂ</span>}}<br />''Sin'' (with left dot)
 | align=center | s
 | align=center | {{IPA|/s/}}
 |-
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">צ</span>}}<br>''tsadi''*
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">צ</span>}}<br />''Tsadi''*
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">תס</span>}}<br>''tav-samech''*
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">תס</span>}}<br />''Tav-Samekh''*
 | align=center | <small>''and''</small>
-| align=center style="padding-top:9px"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;" >תשׂ</span>}}<br>''tav-sin''*
+| style="text-align:center; padding-top:9px;"| {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;" >תשׂ</span>}}<br />''Tav-Sin''*
-|  align=center |ts/tz
+| style="text-align:center;"|ts/tz
-|  align=center |{{IPA|/ts/}}
+| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|/ts/}}
-|-
 |}
 <small>* Varyingly</small>
@@ Line 1,071: / Line 1,048: @@
 {{Further|[[Biblical Hebrew]]}}
-Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of [[Ancient Hebrew]]. The six consonants {{IPA|/b ɡ d k p t/}} were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called ''BeGeDKePHeT'' letters ({{pron-en|ˌbeɪɡɛdˈkɛfɛt}} in English). (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as [[Stop consonant|stops]] {{IPA|b ɡ d k p t}} at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as [[fricative]]s {{IPA|v ɣ ð x f θ}} when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, {{unicode|ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ}}). The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the ''dagesh''. In Modern Hebrew the sounds {{unicode|ḏ}} and {{unicode|ḡ}} have reverted to {{IPA|[d]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, respectively, and {{unicode|ṯ}} has become {{IPA|[t]}}, so only the remaining three consonants {{IPA|/b k p/}} show variation. {{hebrew|ר}} "reish" may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list ''BeGeD KePoReS'' and also rendering Hebrew one of the only languages to possess two 'r' sounds. ([[Sefer Yetzirah]], 4:1, this depends on the antiquity of this book.)
+Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants {{IPA|/b ɡ d k p t/}} were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called [[Begadkefat|''BeGeD KePHeT'']] letters ({{pron-en|ˌbeɪɡɛdˈkɛfɛt}} in English). (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as [[stop consonant|stops]] {{IPA|b ɡ d k p t}} at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as [[fricative]]s {{IPA|v ɣ ð x f θ}} when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, {{unicode|ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ}}). The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the ''dagesh''. In Modern Hebrew the sounds {{unicode|ḏ}} and {{unicode|ḡ}} have reverted to {{IPA|[d]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, respectively, and {{unicode|ṯ}} has become {{IPA|[t]}}, so only the remaining three consonants {{IPA|/b k p/}} show variation. {{hebrew|ר}} "reish" may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list ''BeGeD KePoReS''. ([[Sefer Yetzirah]], 4:1)
-*{{hebrew|ו}} ''vav'' was a semivowel {{IPA|/w/}} (as in English, not as in German).
+*{{hebrew|ח}} ''chet'' and {{hebrew|ע}} ''ayin'' represented [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] [[fricative consonant|fricatives]], {{hebrew|צ}} ''tsadi'' represented the [[emphatic consonant]] {{IPA|/sˤ/}}, {{hebrew|ט}} ''tet'' represented the emphatic consonant {{IPA|/tˤ/}}, and {{hebrew|ק}} ''qoph'' represented the [[uvular consonant|uvular plosive]] {{IPA|/q/}}. All these are common [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[consonant]]s.
-*{{hebrew|ח}} ''chet'' and {{hebrew|ע}} ''ayin'' were [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] [[fricative consonant|fricatives]], {{hebrew|צ}} ''tsadi'' was an [[emphatic consonant|emphatic]] {{IPA|/s/}}, {{hebrew|ט}} ''tet'' was an emphatic {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{hebrew|ק}} ''qoph'' was {{IPA|/q/}}. All these are common [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[consonant]]s.
 *{{hebrew|שׂ}} ''sin'' (the {{IPA|/s/}} variant of {{hebrew|ש}} ''shin'') was originally different from both {{hebrew|שׁ}} ''shin'' and {{hebrew|ס}} ''samekh'', but had become {{IPA|/s/}} the same as {{hebrew|ס}} ''samekh'' by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of [[cognate]]s with other [[Semitic language]]s, this phoneme is known to have originally been a [[lateral consonant]], most likely the [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|/ɬ/}} (the sound of modern [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''ll'') or the [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]] {{IPA|/tɬ/}} (like [[Náhuatl]] ''tl'').
@@ Line 1,081: / Line 1,057: @@
 {{main|Mater lectionis}}
-{{hebrew|א}} ''aleph'', {{hebrew|ה}} ''he'', {{hebrew|ו}} ''vav'' and {{hebrew|י}} ''yod'' are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, repectively, {{IPA|/ʔ/, /h/, /v/ and /j/}}). When they do, {{hebrew|ו}} and {{hebrew|י}} are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a [[niqqud]] symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas {{hebrew|א}} and {{hebrew|ה}} are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel.
+{{hebrew|א}} ''aleph'', {{hebrew|ה}} ''he'', {{hebrew|ו}} ''vav'' and {{hebrew|י}} ''yod'' are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, {{IPA|/ʔ/, /h/, /v/ and /j/}}). When they do, {{hebrew|ו}} and {{hebrew|י}} are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a [[niqqud]] symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas {{hebrew|א}} and {{hebrew|ה}} are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel.
 :{|class="wikitable"
 |-
-!<small>Letter</small>!!<small>Name<br>of letter</small>!!<small>Consonant <br>indicated<br>when letter<br>consonantal</small>||<small>Vowel<br>designation</small>!!<small>Name of<br>vowel designation</small>||<small>Indicated<br>Vowel</small>
+!<small>Letter</small>!!<small>Name<br />of letter</small>!!<small>Consonant <br />indicated<br />when letter<br />consonantal</small>||<small>Vowel<br />designation</small>!!<small>Name of<br />vowel designation</small>||<small>Indicated<br />Vowel</small>
-|-align=center
+|- align=center
 | style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|א
 || ''aleph''|| {{IPA|/ʔ/}} || — || —
 || ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
-|-align=center
+|- align=center
 | style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|ה
 || ''he''|| {{IPA|/h/}}|| — || —
 || ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
-|-align=center
+|- align=center
 |rowspan=2 style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|ו
 |rowspan=2| ''vav''
@@ Line 1,101: / Line 1,077: @@
 |{{Unicode|ḥolám malé}}
 | ô
-|-align=center
+|- align=center
 | style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|וּ
 |{{Unicode|shurúq}}
 | û
-|-align=center
+|- align=center
 |rowspan=2 style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|י
 |rowspan=2| ''yud''
 |rowspan=2| {{IPA|/j/}}
-|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override;">יִ</span>
+|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override, direction:rtl;">‏ִי</span>
 |{{Unicode|ḥiríq malé}}
 | î
-|-align=center
+|- align=center
-|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override;">יֵ</span>
+|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override, direction:rtl;">‏ֵי</span>
 |{{Unicode|tseré malé}}
 | ê, ệ
@@ Line 1,121: / Line 1,097: @@
 {{main|Niqqud}}
-''Niqqud'' is the system of dots the help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of ''niqqud'' are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, {{IPA|/i e a o u/}}, but many more written symbols for them:
+''Niqqud'' is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of ''niqqud'' are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, {{IPA|/i e a o u/}}, but many more written symbols for them:
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 1,129: / Line 1,105: @@
 !! colspan=3 |[[Israeli Hebrew]]
 |-
-!! colspan=1 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
+!!| [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
-!! colspan=1 | [[Transliteration]]
+!!| [[Transliteration]]
-!! colspan=1 | English<br>example
+!!| English<br />example
 |-
 | [[Hiriq]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:4 Hiriq.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Hiriq.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[i]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|i}}
-| align="center" | i
+| style="text-align:center;"| i
-| align="center" | s'''ee'''
+| style="text-align:center;"| s'''ee'''
 |-
 | [[Zeire]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:5 Zeire.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Zeire.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ɛ]}} ''and'' {{IPA|[ɛi]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|e̞}}, <small>({{IPA|[e̞j]}} with<br />succeeding [[yodh|yod]])</small>
-| align="center" | e ''and'' ei
+| style="text-align:center;"| e, <small>(ei with<br />succeeding yod)</small>
-| align="center" | m'''e'''n,<br>m'''ai'''n
+| style="text-align:center;"| m'''e'''n
 |-
 | [[Segol]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:6 Segol.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Segol.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, <small>({{IPA|[ɛi]}} with<br>succeeding [[Yodh|yod]])
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|e̞}}
-| align="center" | e, <small>(ei with<br>succeeding yod)
+| style="text-align:center;"| e
-| align="center" | m'''e'''n
+| style="text-align:center;"| m'''e'''n
 |-
 | [[Patach]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:7 Patah.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Patah.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[a]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|a̠}}
-| align="center" | a
+| style="text-align:center;"| a
-| align="center" | c'''a'''r
+| style="text-align:center;"| c'''a'''r
 |-
 | [[Kamatz]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:8 Qamaz.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Qamaz.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[a]}}, <car>(or {{IPA|[ɔ]}})
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|a̠}}, (or {{IPAblink|o̞}})
-| align="center" | a, <small>(or o)</car>
+| style="text-align:center;"| a, <small>(or o)
-| align="center" | c'''a'''r
+| style="text-align:center;"| c'''a'''r
 |-
 | [[Holam]]
-| align="center" | <span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:23pt; font-family:Arial">סׁ</span>
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Minus Holam.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|o̞}}
-| align="center" | o
+| style="text-align:center;"| o
-| align="center" | c'''o'''ne
+| style="text-align:center;"| c'''o'''ne
 |-
 | [[Shuruk]]
-| align="center" |[[Image:Equal Shuruk.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Hebrew Equal Shuruk.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[u]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|u}}
-| align="center" | u
+| style="text-align:center;"| u
-| align="center" | t'''u'''be
+| style="text-align:center;"| t'''u'''be
 |-
 | [[Kubutz]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:Backslash Qubuz.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hebrew Backslash Qubuz.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[u]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|u}}
-| align="center" | u
+| style="text-align:center;"| u
-| align="center" | t'''u'''be
+| style="text-align:center;"| t'''u'''be
-|-
 |}
-<small>'''Note Ⅰ:''' The symbol "'''O'''" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used.<br>
+<small>'''Note 1:''' The symbol "'''O'''" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used.<br />
-'''Note Ⅰ:''' The ''zeire'' is pronounced correctly as ''ei'' in modern Hebrew.<br>
+'''Note 2:''' The pronunciation of ''zeire'' and sometimes ''segol'' - with or without the letter ''yod'' - is sometimes ''ei'' in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language.<ref>{{cite book
-'''Note Ⅱ:''' The ''dagesh'', ''[[mappiq]]'', and ''shuruk'' have different functions, even though they look the same.<br>
+  |last = Laufer
-'''Note Ⅲ:''' The letter ו (''vav'') is used since it can only be represented by that letter.</small>
+  |first = Asher
+  |title = Chapters in Phonetics and Phonetic Transcription
+  |publisher = [[Magnes (publishing house)|Magnes]]
+  |location = Jerusalem
+  |year = 2008
+  |isbn = 0004503510837
+  |pages=207–211
+}}</ref><br />
+'''Note 3:''' The ''dagesh'', ''[[mappiq]]'', and ''shuruk'' have different functions, even though they look the same.<br />
+'''Note 4:''' The letter ו (''vav'') is used since it can only be represented by that letter.
 ====Sh'va====
@@ Line 1,198: / Line 1,182: @@
 !! colspan=3 |[[Israeli Hebrew]]
 |-
-!! colspan=1 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
+!!| [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
-!! colspan=1 | [[Transliteration]]
+!!| [[Transliteration]]
-!! colspan=1 | English<br>example
+!!| English<br />example
 |-
 | [[Shva]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:Tilde Schwa.png|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Tilde Schwa.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ɛ]}} ''or'' [[Zero (linguistics)|{{IPA|Ø}}]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|e̞}} ''or'' {{IPAlink|∅}}
-| align="center" | ''apostrophe'', e,<br>''or nothing''
+| style="text-align:center;"| ''apostrophe'', e,<br />''or nothing''
-| align="center" | sil'''e'''nt
+| style="text-align:center;"| sil'''e'''nt
 |-
 | [[Reduced Segol]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:1 Hataf Segol.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hataf Segol.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|e̞}}
-| align="center" | e
+| style="text-align:center;"| e
-| align="center" | m'''e'''n
+| style="text-align:center;"| m'''e'''n
 |-
 | [[Reduced Patach]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:2 Hataf Patah.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hataf Patah.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[a]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|a̠}}
-| align="center" | a
+| style="text-align:center;"| a
-| align="center" | c'''u'''p
+| style="text-align:center;"| c'''u'''p
 |-
 | [[Reduced Kamatz]]
-| align="center" | [[Image:3 Hataf Qamaz.PNG|35px]]
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Hataf Qamaz.svg|35px]]
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPAblink|o̞}}
-| align="center" | o
+| style="text-align:center;"| o
-| align="center" | c'''o'''ne
+| style="text-align:center;"| c'''o'''ne
-|-
 |}
@@ Line 1,233: / Line 1,216: @@
 !! colspan=6 | Vowel comparison table
 |- align=center
-!! colspan=3 | [[Vowel Length]]<br><small>(phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew)</small>
+!! colspan=3 | [[Vowel Length]]<br /><small>(phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew)</small>
 !! rowspan=2 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
 !! rowspan=2 | [[Transliteration]]
-!! rowspan=2 | English<br>example
+!! rowspan=2 | English<br />example
 |-
 ! Long
@@ Line 1,245: / Line 1,228: @@
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ַ}}
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ֲ}}
-| [a] || a
+| {{IPAblink|a̠}} || a
 | sp'''a'''
 |- align=center
@@ Line 1,251: / Line 1,234: @@
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ֶ}}
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ֱ}}
-| [ɛ] || e
+| {{IPAblink|e̞}} || e
 | t'''e'''mp
 |- align=center
@@ Line 1,257: / Line 1,240: @@
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ָ}}
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ֳ}}
-| [ɔ] || o
+| {{IPAblink|o̞}} || o
 | c'''o'''ne
 |- align=center
 |style="font-size:24px"| {{Hebrew|וּ}}
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ֻ}}
-| rowspan=2 align=center | ''n/a''
+| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''n/a''
-| [u] || u
+| {{IPAblink|u}} || u
 | t'''u'''be
 |- align=center
-|style="font-size:24px"| {{Hebrew|יִ}}
+|style="font-size:24px"| {{Hebrew|‏ִי}}
 |style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:12px"| {{Hebrew|ִ}}
-| [i] || i
+| {{IPAblink|i}} || i
 | sk'''i'''
 |- align=center
@@ Line 1,275: / Line 1,258: @@
 |-
 !! colspan=2 | '''Note II:'''
-| colspan=4 align=center | The short ''o'' and long ''a'' have the same ''niqqud''.
+| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| The short ''o'' and long ''a'' have the same ''niqqud''.
 |-
 !! colspan=2 | '''Note III:'''
-| colspan=4 align=center | The short ''o'' is usually promoted to a long ''o''<br>in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
+| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| The short ''o'' is usually promoted to a long ''o''<br />in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
 |-
 !! colspan=2 | '''Note IV:'''
-| colspan=4 align=center | The short ''u'' is usually promoted to a long ''u''<br>in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
+| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| The short ''u'' is usually promoted to a long ''u''<br />in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation
-|-
 |}
@@ Line 1,292: / Line 1,274: @@
 {{main|Geresh|Hebraization of English}}
-The sounds {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}, {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, written "{{Hebrew|צ׳}}", "{{Hebrew|ג׳}}", "{{Hebrew|ז׳}}", and {{IPA|[w]}}, non-standardly sometimes transliterated {{Hebrew|וו}} or {{Hebrew|ו׳}}<ref name="double_vav_non_standard" />, are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The apostrophe-looking symbol after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a ''[[geresh]]''. (As mentioned above, while still done, using {{Hebrew|ו׳}} to represent {{IPA|[w]}} is non-standard; standard spelling rules allow no usage of {{Hebrew|ו׳}} whatsoever.<ref name="trans-into-heb">{{cite web|url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf|format=PDF|title=Transliteration Rules}} issued by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] states that both [[Voiced labiodental fricative|{{IPA|[v]}}]] and [[Voiced labial-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote {{IPA|[w]}} as opposed to {{IPA|[v]}} but rather, when [[Ktiv male|spelling without niqqud]], to denote the [[phoneme]] /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in [[Ktiv male|spelling without niqqud]] denotes one of the [[phoneme]]s /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and [[loanword]]s containing the sound [[Voiced labial-velar approximant|{{IPA|[w]}}]], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also [[Waw (letter)#Pronunciation|pronunciation of Hebrew Vav]].</ref>)
+The sounds {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}, {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, written "{{Hebrew|צ׳}}", "{{Hebrew|ג׳}}", "{{Hebrew|ז׳}}", and {{IPA|[w]}}, non-standardly sometimes transliterated {{Hebrew|וו}} or {{Hebrew|ו׳}}{{ref label|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_3|e3|}}, are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The apostrophe-looking symbol after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a ''[[geresh]]''. (As mentioned above, while still done, using {{Hebrew|ו׳}} to represent {{IPA|[w]}} is non-standard; standard spelling rules allow no usage of {{Hebrew|ו׳}} whatsoever{{ref label|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_4|e4|}}).
 {| class="wikitable"
+|-
 !! colspan=7 | Hebrew slang and loanwords
 |-
-!! colspan=1 | Name
+!!| Name
-!! colspan=1 | Symbol
+!!| Symbol
-!! colspan=1 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
+!!| [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
-!! colspan=1 | [[Transliteration]]
+!!| [[Transliteration]]
 !! colspan=3 | Example
 |-
 | align=center | Gimel with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ג׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}
-| align="center" | j or g
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{Unicode|ǧ}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>
-| align="left" | [[Jachnun|'''J'''achnun]] || {{IPA|[ˈd͡ʒaχnun]}}
+| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jachnun|{{Unicode|'''ǧ'''áḥnun}}]] || {{IPA|[ˈd͡ʒaχnun]}}
-| align="right"| גָ׳חְנוּן
+| style="text-align:right;"| גָ׳חְנוּן
 |-
 | align=center | Zayin with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ז׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}
-| align="center" | <small>''varies''</small>
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{Unicode|ž}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>
-| align="left" | [[Collage|Colla'''g'''e]] || {{IPA|[koˈlaʒ]}}
+| style="text-align:left;"| [[Collage|{{Unicode|kolá'''ž'''}}]] || {{IPA|[koˈlaʒ]}}
-| align="right"| קוֹלָאז׳
+| style="text-align:right;"| קוֹלָאז׳
 |-
 | align=center | Tsadi with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">צ׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
-| align="center" | ch
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{Unicode|č}}<ref name=foreign_sounds/>
-| align="left" | '''Ch'''upár (treat) || {{IPA|[t͡ʃuˈpar]}}
+| style="text-align:left;"| {{Unicode|'''č'''upár}} (treat) || {{IPA|[t͡ʃuˈpar]}}
-| align="right"|  צ׳וּפָּר
+| style="text-align:right;"|  צ׳וּפָּר
 |-
-| align=center | Vav with a geresh<br>or double Vav
+| align=center | Vav with a geresh<br />or double Vav
-| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">וו</span>}} or {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ו׳</span>}}<small>(non standard)<ref name="trans-into-heb"/></small>
+| align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">וו</span>}} or {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ו׳</span>}}<small>(non standard)</small>{{ref label|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_5|e5|}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[w]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[w]}}
-| align="center" | w
+| style="text-align:center;"| w
-| align="left" | A'''w'''ánta (boastfulness) || {{IPA|[aˈwanta]}}
+| style="text-align:left;"| a'''w'''ánta (boastful act) || {{IPA|[aˈwanta]}}
-| align="right"| עָוָנְטָה
+| style="text-align:right;"| עָוָנְטָה
 |}
@@ Line 1,337: / Line 1,320: @@
 !! colspan=7 | Transliteration of non-native sounds
 |-
-!! colspan=1 | Name
+!!| Name
-!! colspan=1 | Symbol
+!!| Symbol
-!! colspan=1 | [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
+!!| [[Help:IPA chart for Hebrew|IPA]]
-!! colspan=1 | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letter]]
+!!| [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letter]]
 !! colspan=2 | Example
 ! Comment
@@ Line 1,346: / Line 1,329: @@
 | align=center | Dalet with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ד׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ð]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ð]}}
-| align=center | {{Unicode|[[Ḏāl]]}} (ذ) <br>[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] th
+| align=center | {{Unicode|[[Ḏāl]]}} (ذ) <br />[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] th
-| align="left" | '''Dh'''u al-Hijjah (ذو الحجة)&lrm;
+| style="text-align:left;"| '''Dh'''u al-Hijjah (ذو الحجة)&lrm;
-| align="right"| ד׳ו אל-חיג׳ה
+| style="text-align:right;"| ד׳ו אל-חיג׳ה
-| align="left" | * Also used for English voiced th <br>* Often a simple ד is written.
+| style="text-align:left;"| * Also used for English voiced th <br />* Often a simple ד is written.
 |-
 | align=center | Tav with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ת׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[θ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[θ]}}
-| align="center" | [[Ṯāʾ|{{Unicode|Ṯāʾ}}]] (ﺙ)<br>[[Voiceless]] th
+| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ṯāʾ|{{Unicode|Ṯāʾ}}]] (ﺙ)<br />[[Voiceless]] th
-| align="left" | '''Th'''urston
+| style="text-align:left;"| '''Th'''urston
-| align="right"| ת׳רסטון
+| style="text-align:right;"| ת׳רסטון
 |-
 | align=center | {{Unicode|Ḥ}}et with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ח׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[χ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[χ]}}
 | align=center | {{Unicode|[[Ḫāʼ]]}} (خ)
-| align="left" | Shei'''kh''' (شيخ)&lrm;
+| style="text-align:left;"| Shei'''kh''' (شيخ)&lrm;
-| align="right"| <span dir="rtl">שייח׳</span>
+| style="text-align:right;"| <span dir="rtl">שייח׳</span>
-| align="left" | * Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound {{IPA|[χ]}} represented by ח׳ is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between {{IPA|[χ]}} and {{IPA|[ħ]}}, in which case ח׳ transliterates the former and ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח without geresh is pronounced {{IPA|[ħ]}} only dialectically but {{IPA|[χ]}} commonly.
+| style="text-align:left;"| * Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound {{IPA|[χ]}} represented by ח׳ is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between {{IPA|[χ]}} and {{IPA|[ħ]}}, in which case ח׳ transliterates the former and ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח without geresh is pronounced {{IPA|[ħ]}} only dialectically but {{IPA|[χ]}} commonly.
 |-
 | align=center | Resh with a geresh
 | align=center | {{Hebrew|1=<span style="font-size:200%;">ר׳</span>}}
-| align="center" | {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
+| style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
 | align=center | {{Unicode|[[Ġayn]]}} (غ)
-| align="left" | '''Gh'''ajar
+| style="text-align:left;"| '''Gh'''ajar
-| align="right"| ר׳ג׳ר
+| style="text-align:right;"| ר׳ג׳ר
-| align="left" | Sometimes an Ayin with a geresh (ע׳) is used to transliterate غ – inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]
+| style="text-align:left;"| Sometimes an Ayin with a geresh (ע׳) is used to transliterate غ – inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]
-|-
 |}
 A ''geresh'' is also used to denote [[Acronym and initialism|initialisms]] and to denote a [[Hebrew numeral]]. Geresh also is the name of one of the notes of cantillation in the reading of the [[Torah]], but its appearance and function is different.
+==In Jewish faith==
+The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical [[rabbinical literature]] seem to acknowledge the historical provenence of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]"<ref>Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 21b</ref>); others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or [[Jewish messianism|the redemption]]. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the [[Talmud]] illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesach 87b, Avodah Zarah 18a</ref>
+The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the [[Sefer Yezirah]], or ''Book of Creation'', a  mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the [[Book of Genesis]], largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and [[Zohar]].<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot 55c</ref><ref>Zohar 1:3; 2:152</ref>
+[[File:Tefillin.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The four-pronged Shin.]]
+Another book, the 13th-century [[Kabbalistic]] text [[Sefer ha-Temunah]], holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the [[teffilin]] box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will [[Tikkun Olam|repair the universe]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Book of Letters''. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, Woodstock. 1990</ref> Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
+In addition, the letters occasionally feature in [[aggadic]] portions of non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given [[anthropomorphic]] qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly  their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the [[Babylonian Talmud]] (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation):
+{{quote box|align=center|width=50%|quote=''Why does the story of creation begin with bet?... In the same manner that the letter bet is closed on all sides and only open in front, similarly you are not permitted to inquire into what is before or what was behind, but only from the actual time of Creation.''|source=Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Hagigah, 77c}}
+Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within [[Mishna Berura]] of [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]].
 ==Unicode and HTML==
 {{main|Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet}}
-The [[Unicode]] Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB40. It includes [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]], [[Ligature (typography)|ligatures]], [[combining diacritical mark]]s (''[[niqqud]]'' and [[cantillation]] marks) and [[punctuation]]. The [[Numeric character reference|Numeric Character References]] is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew [[glyphs]] compatible with the majority of web browsers.
+The [[Unicode]] Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB40. It includes [[letter (alphabet)|letters]], [[ligature (typography)|ligatures]], [[combining diacritical mark]]s (''[[niqqud]]'' and [[cantillation]] marks) and [[punctuation]]. The [[Numeric character reference|Numeric Character References]] is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew [[glyphs]] compatible with the majority of web browsers.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 1,400: / Line 1,397: @@
 *[[Hebrew keyboard]]
 *[[Romanization of Hebrew]]
-*[[Help:IPA for Hebrew]]
 *[[Hebrew phonology]]
-* [[Inverted nun]]
+*[[Inverted nun]]
 *[[Koren Type]]
 *[[Help:Hebrew]]
+==Notes==
+<sup>a{{note|Common_Hebrew_Spelling}}</sup>"Aleph-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the ''maqaph'' (מקף, hyphen), אלפבית עברי, as opposed to with the hyphen, אלף־בית עברי.
+<sup>b{{note|Variants_in_Arabic_Mandaic}}</sup>The Arabic letters have, ''in principle (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants)'', four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form. For more information, see [[Arabic alphabet]] and [[Mandaic alphabet]].
+<sup>c{{note|Pronunciation_in_Different_Word_Positions}}</sup>In forms of Hebrew older than Modern Hebrew, '''כ״ף''', '''בי״ת''' and '''פ״א''' can only be read ''b'', ''k'' and ''p'', respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of ''v'', ''kh'' and ''ph'' in a ''sofit'' (final) position, with few exceptions.<ref name="kaf_sofit"/> In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. פִיזִיקַאי {{IPA|/fiziˈkaj/}} and never {{IPA|/piziˈkaj/}} (= "physicist"), סְנוֹבּ {{IPA|/snob/}} and never {{IPA|/snov/}} (= "snob"). A ''[[dagesh]]'' may be inserted to unambiguously denote the [[plosive]] variant: בּ = {{IPA|/b/}}, כּ = {{IPA|/k/}}, פּ ={{IPA|/p/}}; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in [[Yiddish]]) a [[rafe|rafé]] placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the [[fricative]] variant: בֿ = {{IPA|/v/}}, כֿ = {{IPA|/χ/}} and פֿ = {{IPA|/f/}}.
+<sup>d{{note|Double_Vav_as_Ligature_or_as_Separate_Letters}}</sup>However, וו (two separate vavs), used in [[Ktiv male]], is to be distinguished from the ''Yiddish ligature'' װ (also two vavs but together as one character).
+<sup>e1{{note|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_1}}e2{{note|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_2}}e3{{note|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_3}}e4{{note|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_4}}e5{{note|Double_Vav_and_Vav_with_Geresh_5}}</sup>The [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]] states that both {{IPAblink|v}} and {{IPAblink|w}} be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav.<ref name="trans-into-heb">{{cite web|url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf|format=PDF|title=Transliteration Rules}} issued by the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]].</ref> Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote {{IPA|[w]}} as opposed to {{IPA|[v]}} but rather, when [[Ktiv male|spelling without niqqud]], to denote the [[phoneme]] /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in [[Ktiv male|spelling without niqqud]] denotes one of the [[phoneme]]s /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and [[loanword]]s containing the sound {{IPAblink|w}}, Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also [[Waw (letter)#Pronunciation|pronunciation of Hebrew Vav]].
 == References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 ==Bibliography==
-Roots of the Hebrew Alphabet
+* ff.
-*[http://www.newjewishbooks.org/ITB Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. ''In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.'' New York: New York University Press.]
+* [http://www.newjewishbooks.org/ITB Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. ''In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.'' New York: New York University Press.]
-*[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521556341 Saenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. ''A History of the Hebrew Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.]
+* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521556341 Saenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. ''A History of the Hebrew Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.]
-*[http://www.adath-shalom.ca/history_of_hebrew.htm Steinberg, David. ''History of the Hebrew Language.'']
+* [http://www.adath-shalom.ca/history_of_hebrew.htm Steinberg, David. ''History of the Hebrew Language.'']
-*[[Mathers table]]
+* [[Mathers table]]
-*[http://qumran.com/alephbeth.htm ''Aleph-Beth Quick Study Chart.''] [[February 28]] [[2005]]. Qumran Bet Community. Retrieved [[January 5]] [[2006]].
+* [http://qumran.com/alephbeth.htm ''Aleph-Beth Quick Study Chart.''] February 28, 2005. Qumran Bet Community. Retrieved January 5, 2006.
 ==External links==
-{{Commons|Hebrew alphabet}}
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 *[http://hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_One/unit_one.html Hebrew alphabet lesson]
 *[http://www.levsoftware.com/alefbet.htm How to draw letters]
 *[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0590.pdf Official Unicode standards document for Hebrew]
-*[http://www.kabalahyoga.com/YourName.aspx Transliterate your English name into Hebrew Letters]
+*[http://www.kabalahyoga.com/name Transliterate your English name into Hebrew Letters]
+*[http://eteacherhebrew.com/short-lessons Hebrew alphabet video lessons]
+*[http://www.jr.co.il/alef-bet.htm Hebrew Alphabet Charts]
 '''Keyboards'''
 *[http://litetype.com/?lang=hebrew&style=moon LiteType.com] - Virtual & Interactive Hebrew Keyboard
-*[http://www.amhaaretz.org/translit/ Hebrew translit] - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (transliteration with [[niqqud]])
+*[http://www.mikledet.com Mikledet.com] - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout)
-*[http://www.mikledet.com Mikledet.com] - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard ([[Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout]] and [[phonetic]] layout)
+*[http://hebrew-keyboard.com Hebrew Writing] - Typing Hebrew and Nikud using extended English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew Writing layout)
-{{Hebrew language}}
+*[http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9 Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription] Biblical Archaeology Review
-{{writing systems}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Hebrew Alphabet}}
-[[Category:Abjad writing systems]]
 [[Category:Hebrew alphabet| ]]
+[[Category:Abjad writing systems]]
 [[Category:Language and mysticism]]
 [[Category:Fertile Crescent]]