Protocanonical books
From Textus Receptus
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| - | The '''Protocanonical books''' are those books of the [[Old Testament]] which were coextensive with the [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] and which have always been considered [[Biblical canon|canonical]] by almost all [[Christians]] throughout history. The term ''protocanonical'' is often used to contrast these books to the [[deuterocanonical books]] or [[Biblical apocrypha|apocrypha]], which "were sometimes doubted"< | + | The '''Protocanonical books''' are those books of the [[Old Testament]] which were coextensive with the [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] and which have always been considered [[Biblical canon|canonical]] by almost all [[Christians]] throughout history. The term ''protocanonical'' is often used to contrast these books to the [[deuterocanonical books]] or [[Biblical apocrypha|apocrypha]], which "were sometimes doubted"<sup[]</sup> in the early church. |
==Enumeration== | ==Enumeration== | ||
| - | These books are typically 39 in number in most English bibles. Based on the Jewish tradition of the [[Tanakh]], these same books may be counted as 24 books, counting the twelve [[Minor prophet|minor prophets]] together as one book, one book each for 1 and 2 [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]], 1 and 2 [[Books of Kings|Kings]], and 1 and 2 [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]], as well as a single book for [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]] and [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]]. In his prologues, [[Jerome]] < | + | These books are typically 39 in number in most English bibles. Based on the Jewish tradition of the [[Tanakh]], these same books may be counted as 24 books, counting the twelve [[Minor prophet|minor prophets]] together as one book, one book each for 1 and 2 [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]], 1 and 2 [[Books of Kings|Kings]], and 1 and 2 [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]], as well as a single book for [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]] and [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]]. In his prologues, [[Jerome]] <sup[]</sup> counted the same content as 22 books, combining [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] with [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] and [[Book of Judges|Judges]] with [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]]. The list given in [[Codex Hierosolymitanus]] numbers the same books at 27.<sup[]</sup><sup[]</sup> |
| - | These enumerations were sometimes given a numerological significance.< | + | These enumerations were sometimes given a numerological significance.<sup[]</sup><sup[]</sup> The 22-book enumeration was said to represent the number of letters in the [[Hebrew alphabet]]; the 5 double books ([[Book of Judges|Judges]]/[[Book of Ruth|Ruth]], [[Books of Samuel|1/2 Samuel]], [[Books of Kings|1/2 Kings]], [[Books of Chronicles|1/2 Chronicles]], [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]]/[[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]], and [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]/[[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]]) representing the five Hebrew letters that have double forms, chaph, mem, nun, phe, and sade. The 24-book enumeration was said to be represented by the 24 elders who throw their crowns before the [[Lamb of God|Lamb]] in the [[Book of Revelation]]. The 27-book enumeration balances one-for-one the 27 canonical books of the [[New Testament]]. |
==Controversy== | ==Controversy== | ||
| - | The protocanonical books were widely but not universally accepted by Christians as being in the canon. [[Athanasius]] omitted [[Book of Esther|Esther]] < | + | The protocanonical books were widely but not universally accepted by Christians as being in the canon. [[Athanasius]] omitted [[Book of Esther|Esther]] <sup[]</sup> from his list. He may have been following an early 22-book Jewish canon, possibly the same one mentioned but not specified by [[Josephus]]. [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]] omitted [[Song of Songs]], [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Book of Job|Job]], and [[Esdras|Ezra-Nehemiah]] to obtain a listing of 22 books.<sup[]</sup> Most famously, [[Marcion]] rejected all of the protocanonical books, preferring a [[Bible]] consisting only of a restricted [[New Testament]]. |
==List== | ==List== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Old Testament books]] | [[Category:Old Testament books]] | ||
Revision as of 23:43, 4 January 2014
The Protocanonical books are those books of the Old Testament which were coextensive with the Hebrew Bible and which have always been considered canonical by almost all Christians throughout history. The term protocanonical is often used to contrast these books to the deuterocanonical books or apocrypha, which "were sometimes doubted"<sup[]</sup> in the early church.
Contents |
Enumeration
These books are typically 39 in number in most English bibles. Based on the Jewish tradition of the Tanakh, these same books may be counted as 24 books, counting the twelve minor prophets together as one book, one book each for 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, and 1 and 2 Chronicles, as well as a single book for Ezra and Nehemiah. In his prologues, Jerome <sup[]</sup> counted the same content as 22 books, combining Jeremiah with Lamentations and Judges with Ruth. The list given in Codex Hierosolymitanus numbers the same books at 27.<sup[]</sup><sup[]</sup>
These enumerations were sometimes given a numerological significance.<sup[]</sup><sup[]</sup> The 22-book enumeration was said to represent the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet; the 5 double books (Judges/Ruth, 1/2 Samuel, 1/2 Kings, 1/2 Chronicles, Ezra/Nehemiah, and Jeremiah/Lamentations) representing the five Hebrew letters that have double forms, chaph, mem, nun, phe, and sade. The 24-book enumeration was said to be represented by the 24 elders who throw their crowns before the Lamb in the Book of Revelation. The 27-book enumeration balances one-for-one the 27 canonical books of the New Testament.
Controversy
The protocanonical books were widely but not universally accepted by Christians as being in the canon. Athanasius omitted Esther <sup[]</sup> from his list. He may have been following an early 22-book Jewish canon, possibly the same one mentioned but not specified by Josephus. Theodore of Mopsuestia omitted Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Job, and Ezra-Nehemiah to obtain a listing of 22 books.<sup[]</sup> Most famously, Marcion rejected all of the protocanonical books, preferring a Bible consisting only of a restricted New Testament.
List
The list of protocanonical books is Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1–2 Samuel, 1–2 Kings, 1–2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
New Testament
By analogy with the early and broad acceptance of the Hebrew scriptural texts, the term protocanonical is also sometimes used to describe those books of the New Testament which were more widely accepted by the early Church than some of the other 27 books recognized today by almost all Christians. For more information concerning the development of the New Testament canon, see the article Biblical canon.
