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| - | The '''Nag Hammadi library''' (also known as the "[[Chenoboskion]] Manuscripts,” or as the "Gnostic Gospels"<sup>[1]</sup>) is a collection of early Christian and [[Gnostic texts]] discovered near the [[Upper Egypt]]ian town of [[Nag Hammadi]] in 1945.
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| - | Thirteen leather-bound [[vellum]] [[codex|codices]] buried in a sealed jar were found by a local farmer named Muhammed al-Samman.<sup>[2]</sup> The writings in these codices comprised fifty-two mostly Gnostic [[treatise]]s, but they also include three works belonging to the ''[[Hermetica|Corpus Hermeticum]]'' and a partial translation/alteration of [[Plato]]'s [[Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']]. In his introduction to ''The Nag Hammadi Library in English'', James Robinson suggests that these codices may have belonged to a nearby [[Saint Pachomius|Pachomian]] monastery and were buried after [[Saint Athanasius]] condemned the use of [[Biblical canon|non-canonical]] books in his [[Easter letter|Festal Letter of 367 A.D]]. The discovery of these texts significantly influenced modern scholarship into early [[Christianity]] and [[Gnosticism#Christianity and Gnosticism|Gnosticism]].
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| - | The contents of the codices were written in the [[Coptic language]]. The best-known of these works is probably the [[Gospel of Thomas]], of which the Nag Hammadi codices contain the only complete text. After the discovery, scholars recognized that fragments of these sayings attributed to Jesus appeared in manuscripts discovered at [[Oxyrhynchus]] in 1898 ([[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1|P. Oxy. 1]]), and matching quotations were recognized in other early Christian sources. Subsequently, a 1st or 2nd century date of composition circa 80 [[AD]] or earlier <!--- History International channel this date ---> has been proposed for the lost Greek originals of the [[Gospel of Thomas]]. The buried manuscripts date from the 3rd and 4th centuries.
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| - | The Nag Hammadi codices are currently housed in the [[Coptic Museum]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].
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| - | ==Discovery==
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| - | [[Image:Eg-NagHamadi-map.jpg|right|thumb|The site of discovery, [[Nag Hammadi]] in map of Egypt]]
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| - | The story of the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 has been described as 'as exciting as the contents of the find itself'.<sup>[3]</sup> In December of that year, two Egyptian brothers found several papyri in a large earthenware vessel while digging for fertilizer around the [[Jabal al-Ṭārif| Jabal al-Ṭārif caves]] near present-day [[Hamra Dom]] in Upper Egypt. Neither originally reported the find, as they sought to make money from the manuscripts by selling them individually at intervals. The brothers' mother burned several of the manuscripts, worried, apparently, that the papers might have 'dangerous effects' (Markschies, ''Gnosis'', 48). As a result, what came to be known as the Nag Hammadi library (owing to the proximity of the find to Nag Hammadi, the nearest major settlement) appeared only gradually, and its significance went unacknowledged until some time after its initial discovery.
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| - | In 1946, the brothers became involved in a [[feud]], and left the manuscripts with a [[Coptic language|Coptic]] [[priest]]. His brother-in-law in October that year sold a [[codex]] to the Coptic Museum in Old Cairo (this tract is today numbered Codex III in the collection). The resident [[Coptologist]] and religious historian Jean Doresse, realizing the significance of the artifact, published the first reference to it in 1948. Over the years, most of the tracts were passed by the priest to a Cypriot antiques dealer in Cairo, thereafter being retained by the Department of Antiquities, for fear that they would be sold out of the country. After the revolution in 1952, these texts were handed to the Coptic Museum in Cairo, and declared national property.<sup>[4]</sup> [[Pahor Labib]], the director of the Coptic Museum at that time, was keen to keep these manuscripts in their country of origin.
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| - | Meanwhile, a single codex had been sold in Cairo to a [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[antiques|antique dealer]]. After an attempt was made to sell the codex in both [[New York City]] and [[Paris]], it was acquired by the [[C. G. Jung Institute, Zürich|Carl Gustav Jung Institute]] in [[Zurich]] in 1951, through the mediation of [[Gilles Quispel]]. It was intended as a birthday present to the famous [[psychologist]]; for this reason, this codex is typically known as the [[Jung Codex]], being Codex I in the collection.<sup>[5]</sup>
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| - | Jung's death in 1961 resulted in a quarrel over the ownership of the Jung Codex; the pages were not given to the Coptic Museum in Cairo until 1975, after a first edition of the text had been published. The papyri were finally brought together in Cairo: of the 1945 find, eleven complete books and fragments of two others, 'amounting to well over 1000 written pages' are preserved there.<sup>[6]</sup>
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| - | ==Translation==
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| - | The first edition of a text found at Nag Hammadi was from the Jung Codex, a partial translation of which appeared in Cairo in 1956, and a single extensive facsimile edition was planned. Due to the difficult political circumstances in Egypt, individual tracts followed from the Cairo and Zurich collections only slowly.
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| - | This state of affairs did not change until 1966, with the holding of the [[Messina Congress]] in [[Italy]]. At this conference, intended to allow scholars to arrive at a group consensus concerning the definition of gnosticism, [[James M. Robinson]], an expert on religion, assembled a group of editors and translators whose express task was to publish a [[bilingual]] edition of the Nag Hammadi codices in English, in collaboration with the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity at the [[Claremont Graduate University]] in [[Claremont, California]].
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| - | Robinson was elected secretary of the [[International Committee for the Nag Hammadi Codices]], which had been formed in 1970 by [[UNESCO]] and the Egyptian Ministry of Culture; it was in this capacity that he oversaw the project. A facsimile edition in twelve volumes was published between 1972 and 1977, with subsequent additions in 1979 and 1984 from the publisher [[E.J. Brill]] in [[Leiden]], entitled, ''The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices.'' This made all the texts available for all interested parties to study in some form.
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| - | At the same time, in the [[German Democratic Republic]], a group of scholars—including [[Alexander Böhlig]], Martin Krause and [[New Testament]] scholars [[Gesine Schenke]], [[Hans-Martin Schenke]] and [[Hans-Gebhard Bethge]]—were preparing the first German language translation of the find. The last three scholars prepared a complete scholarly translation under the auspices of the [[Berlin]] [[Humboldt University]], which was published in 2001.
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| - | The James M. Robinson translation was first published in 1977, with the name ''The Nag Hammadi Library in English'', in collaboration between E.J. Brill and [[Harper & Row]]. The single-volume publication, according to Robinson, 'marked the end of one stage of Nag Hammadi scholarship and the beginning of another' (from the Preface to the third revised edition). Paperback editions followed in 1981 and 1984, from E.J. Brill and Harper, respectively. A third, completely revised, edition was published in 1988. This marks the final stage in the gradual dispersal of gnostic texts into the wider public arena—the full complement of codices was finally available in unadulterated form to people around the world, in a variety of languages. A cross reference apparatus for Robinson's translation and the Biblical canon also exists.<sup>[]</sup>
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| - | Another English edition was published in 1987, by [[Yale]] scholar [[Bentley Layton]], called ''The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations'' (Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1987). The volume included new translations from the Nag Hammadi Library, together with extracts from the [[Heresiology|heresiological]] writers, and other gnostic material. It remains, along with ''The Nag Hammadi Library in English,'' one of the more accessible volumes of translations of the Nag Hammadi find. It includes extensive historical introductions to individual gnostic groups, notes on translation, annotations to the text, and the organization of tracts into clearly defined movements.
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| - | Not all scholars agree that the entire library should be considered Gnostic. Paterson Brown has argued that the three Nag Hammadi Gospels of Thomas, Philip and Truth cannot be so labeled, since each, in his opinion, may explicitly affirm the basic reality and sanctity of incarnate life, which Gnosticism by definition considers illusory.<sup>[]</sup>
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| - | ==Complete list of codices found in Nag Hammadi==
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| - | (See: External links for complete list of manuscripts)
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| - | [[image:Apocalypse of Peter.jpg|thumbnail|Apocalypse of Peter]]
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| - | *Codex I (also known as ''The [[Jung Codex]]''):
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| - | ** ''[[The Prayer of the Apostle Paul]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Apocryphon of James]]'' (also known as the Secret Book of James)
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| - | ** ''The [[Gospel of Truth]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Treatise on the Resurrection]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Tripartite Tractate]]''
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| - | * [[Nag Hammadi Codex II|Codex II]]:
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| - | ** ''The [[Apocryphon of John]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Gospel of Thomas]]'' a sayings gospel
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| - | ** ''The [[Gospel of Philip]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Hypostasis of the Archons]]''
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| - | ** ''[[On the Origin of the World (Nag Hammadi)|On the Origin of the World]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Exegesis on the Soul]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Book of Thomas the Contender]]''
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| - | *Codex III:
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| - | ** ''The [[Apocryphon of John]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit]]'' named ''[[Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians|The Gospel of the Egyptians]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Epistle of Eugnostos|Eugnostos the Blessed]]''
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| - | ** ''[[The Sophia of Jesus Christ]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Dialogue of the Savior]]''
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| - | *Codex IV:
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| - | ** ''The [[Apocryphon of John]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit]]'' named ''[[Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians|The Gospel of the Egyptians]]''
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| - | *Codex V:
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| - | ** ''[[Epistle of Eugnostos|Eugnostos the Blessed]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Coptic Apocalypse of Paul|Apocalypse of Paul]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[First Apocalypse of James]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Second Apocalypse of James]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Apocalypse of Adam]]''
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| - | *Codex VI:
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| - | ** ''The [[Acts of Peter and the Twelve]] Apostles''
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| - | ** ''[[The Thunder, Perfect Mind]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Authoritative Teaching]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Concept of Our Great Power]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Plato's Republic|Republic]]'' by [[Plato]] - The original is not gnostic, but the Nag Hammadi library version is heavily modified with then-current gnostic concepts.
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| - | ** ''[[The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth]]'' - a [[Hermetica|Hermetic]] treatise
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| - | ** ''The Prayer of Thanksgiving'' (with a hand-written note) - a [[Hermetica|Hermetic]] prayer
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| - | ** ''Asclepius 21-29'' - another [[Hermetica|Hermetic]] treatise
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| - | *Codex VII:
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| - | ** ''The [[Paraphrase of Shem]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Second Treatise of the Great Seth]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Teachings of Silvanus]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Three Steles of Seth]]''
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| - | *Codex VIII:
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| - | ** ''[[Zostrianos]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Letter of Peter to Philip]]''
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| - | *Codex IX:
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| - | ** ''[[Melchizedek#In Nag Hammadi Library|Melchizedek]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Thought of Norea]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Testimony of truth]]''
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| - | *Codex X:
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| - | ** ''[[Marsanes]]''
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| - | *Codex XI:
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| - | ** ''The [[Interpretation of Knowledge]]''
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| - | ** ''A [[Valentinius|Valentinian]] Exposition'', ''On the Anointing'', ''On Baptism'' (A and B) and ''On the Eucharist'' (A and B)
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| - | ** ''[[Allogenes]]''
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| - | ** ''[[Hypsiphrone]]''
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| - | *Codex XII
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| - | ** ''The [[Sentences of Sextus]]''
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| - | ** ''The [[Gospel of Truth]]''
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| - | ** ''Fragments''
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| - | * [[Nag Hammadi Codex XIII|Codex XIII]]:
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| - | ** ''[[Trimorphic Protennoia]]''
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| - | ** ''On the [[Origin of the World (Nag Hammadi)|Origin of the World]]''
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| - | The so-called "Codex XIII" is not a codex, but rather the text of ''Trimorphic Protennoia'', written on "eight leaves removed from a thirteenth book in late antiquity and tucked inside the front cover of the sixth." (Robinson, NHLE, p. 10) Only a few lines from the beginning of ''Origin of the World'' are discernible on the bottom of the eighth leaf.
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| - | ==Dating==
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| - | Although the manuscripts discovered at Nag Hammadi are generally dated to the 4th century, there is some debate regarding the original composition of the texts. A wide range and the majority of scholars date authorship of the Gnostic gospel of Nag Hammadi to the 2nd and 3rd century.<sup>[]</sup> Scholars with a focus on Christianity tend to date the gospels mentioned by [[Irenaeus]] to the 2nd century, and the gospels mentioned solely by [[Jerome]] to the 4th century. The traditional dating of the gospels derives primarily from this division. Other scholars with a deeper focus on pagan and Jewish literature of the period tend to date primarily based on the type of the work:
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| - | # The [[Gospel of Thomas]] is held by most to be the earliest of the "gnostic" gospels composed. Scholars generally date the text to the early-mid 2nd century. The Gospel of Thomas, it is often claimed, has some gnostic elements but lacks the full gnostic cosmology. However, even the description of these elements as "gnostic" is based mainly upon the presupposition that the text as a whole is a "gnostic" gospel, and this idea itself is based upon little other than the fact that it was found along with gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi.<sup>[]</sup> Some scholars including [[Nicholas Perrin]] argue that ''Thomas'' is dependent on the ''[[Diatessaron]]'', which was composed shortly after 172 by Tatian in Syria. A minority view contends for an early date of perhaps 50, citing a relationship to the hypothetical [[Q document]] among other reasons.<sup>[]</sup>
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| - | # The [[Gospel of the Lord]], a gnostic but otherwise non-canonical text, can be dated approximately during the time of [[Marcion]] in the early 2nd century. The traditional view holds Marcion did not compose the gospel directly but, "expunged [from the Gospel of Luke] all the things that oppose his view... but retained those things that accord with his opinion" <sup>[]</sup> The traditional view and dating has continued to be affirmed by the mainstream of biblical scholars,<sup>[]</sup> however, [[G. R. S. Mead]] '' His Gospel was presumably the collection of sayings in use among the Pauline churches of his day. Of course the patristic writers say that Marcion mutilated Luke's version.<sup>[]</sup> have argued that Marcion's gospel predates the canonical Luke and was in use in Pauline churches.
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| - | # The ''[[Gospel of Truth]]''<sup>[]</sup> and the teachings of the [[Pistis Sophia]] can be approximately dated to the early 2nd century as they were part of the original [[Valentinus (Gnostic)|Valentinian]] school, though the gospel itself is 3rd century.
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| - | # Documents with a [[Sethian]] influence (like the [[Gospel of Judas]], or outright Sethian like [[Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians]] can be dated substantially later than 40 and substantially earlier than 250; most scholars giving them a 2nd-century date.<sup>[]</sup> More conservative scholars using the traditional dating method would argue in these cases for the early 3rd century.
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| - | # Some gnostic gospels (for example [[Trimorphic Protennoia]]) make use of fully developed [[Neoplatonism]] and thus need to be dated after [[Plotinus]] in the 3rd century.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup>
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| - | ==See also==
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| - | * [[Apocalyptic literature]]
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| - | * [[Acts of the Apostles (genre)]]
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| - | * [[Agrapha]]
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| - | * [[Biblical archaeology]]
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| - | * [[Development of the New Testament canon]]
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| - | * [[Epistles]]
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| - | * [[Gnosticism]]
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| - | * [[Gospel of Mary Magdalene]]
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| - | * [[List of Gospels]]
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| - | * [[List of New Testament papyri]]
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| - | * [[New Testament apocrypha]]
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| - | * [[Pseudepigraphy]]
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| - | * [[Textual criticism]]
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| - | ==Notes and references==
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| - | ==Further reading==
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| - | * Robinson, James M., 1979 "The discovery of the Nag Hammadi codices," in ''Biblical Archaeology'' vol. 42, pp206–224.
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| - | * Yamauchi, Edwin M., "[https://www.scribd.com/doc/34318705/Pre-Christian-Gnosticism-in-the-Nag-Hammadi-Texts Pre-Christian Gnosticism in the Nag Hammadi Texts?]," in ''Church History'' vol. 48, pp129–141.
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| - | * Franzmann, Majella, 1996 ''Jesus in the Nag Hammadi Writings,'' T & T Clark International. (293 pages) [http://humanities.curtin.edu.au/about/staff/index.cfm/M.Franzmann]
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| - | ==External links==
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| - | * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nag_Hammadi_texts Nag Hammadi texts in Wikimedia Commons]
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| - | * [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nha Nag Hammadi Archive] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
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| - | * [http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/nhl.html The Nag Hammadi Library] – Complete texts at The Gnostic Society Library
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| - | * [http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/nhl_thomas.htm The Gospel of Thomas] – Multiple translations and resources.
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| - | * [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/nag_hammadi.htm How the manuscripts were found] - A COMPLETE list of the manuscripts can be found here.
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| - | * [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/jung_codex.htm Jung Codex]
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| - | {{Authority control}}
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| - | {{DEFAULTSORT:Nag Hammadi Library}}
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| - | [[Category:Gnosticism]]
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| - | [[Category:Gnostic Gospels]]
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| - | [[Category:Manuscripts]]
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| - | [[Category:Religion in Egypt]]
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| - | [[Category:Papyrus]]
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| - | * 1. "Gnostic Gospels" after [[Elaine Pagels]]' 1979 book of the same name, but the term [[Gnostic Gospels]] also has a more generic meaning.
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| - | * 2. [[Marvin Meyer]] and [[James M. Robinson]], ''The Nag Hammadi Scriptures: The International Edition''. HarperOne, 2007. pp 2-3. ISBN 0-06-052378-6
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| - | * 3. (Markschies, ''Gnosis: An Introduction'', 48).
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| - | * 4. "The Nag Hammadi Library">Robinson, James M. ed., ''The Nag Hammadi Library, revised edition.'' HarperCollins, San Francisco, 1990.
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| - | "The Nag Hammadi Library"
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| - | (Markschies, ''Gnosis: An Introduction'', 49)
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| - | Clontz, T.E. and J., ''The Comprehensive New Testament'', Cornerstone Publications (2008), ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5
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| - | Essay on the [http://www.metalog.org/ Ecumenical Coptic Project] website, from which the requisite Coptic font may be downloaded. webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227104649/http://www.metalog.org/
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| - | ''Plotinus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who lived from 205 to 270 was the first systematic philosopher of [Neo-Platonism]'', ''But the followers of Valentinus, putting away all fear, bring forward their own compositions and boast that they have more Gospels than really exist. Indeed their audacity has gone so far that they entitle their recent composition the Gospel of Truth'' Irenaeus, [[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]] (3.11.9)[http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/fathers/ante-nic/irenaeus/03-ag-he.htm]
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| - | * http://jdt.unl.edu/triadaft.htm Gnosticism and Platonism: The Platonizing Sethian texts from Nag Hammadi in their Relation
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| - | * [http://www.unl.edu/classics/faculty/turner/lithist.html "Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History,"] in Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity, p55-86
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| - | * The [[National Geographic Society]] dates the gospel of Judas originally to mid 2nd century
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| - | * http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/timeline.html] and the copy we possess 220-340 [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/auth_dating.html
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| - | {{Donate}}
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