Article:Godhead or Deity - Is James White Right? by Will Kinney
From Textus Receptus
Godhead or Deity - Is James White Right?
Colossians 2:8-9
"Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ. For in him dwelleth all the fulness of THE GODHEAD bodily."
James White, a well known King James Bible critic, ignorantly harangues against the use of the word Godhead in the KJB. In his book, The King James Only Controversy, when discussing Colossians 2:9 Mr. White says on page 204: "Yet, the KJV rendering of this verse is probably the least clear of almost all currently available translations. How does one explain what "Godhead" means? Who really uses this term any longer? And what about the fact that the KJV uses "godhead" in other places when it is translating a completely different Greek term?"
Then Mr. White has a chart which shows the NASB rendering of the three passages where the KJB has Godhead in all three. Here are the NASB renderings: Acts 17:29 the Divine Nature (Theios); Romans 1:20 divine nature (theiotes), and Colossians 2:9 Deity (theotes).
As for Mr. White's puzzlement about how one explains what Godhead means, he might try looking at any number of current English dictionaries. As for his question - "Who really uses this term any longer?" maybe our befuddled scholar might find some insight if he read the NIV introduction in the 1984 edition where it says on page xviii "Neither Hebrew, Aramaic nor Greek uses special pronouns for the persons of the Godhead."
Or perhaps our esteemed colleague might consult any of the eleven Bible commentaries or reference works I list below that are readily seen online that all use the word "Godhead" when discussing Colossians 2:9.
Or James might try a simple Google search, type in the word "Godhead", and violá, he will find the word used all over the place even in many present day religious articles.
Actually the word Godhead is much stronger and more accurate than the word "deity" found in the NASB, NIV and ESV. I have also heard radio preachers today who use the modern versions talking about the Godhead, little realizing that this word no longer appears in the bible versions they are now using.
GODHEAD
Merriam Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary 1967, " the nature of God especially as existing in three persons -- used with the".
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. 1. Divinity; godhood. 2. Godhead The Christian God, especially the Trinity.
The Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1997 -God•head
Pronunciation: (god'hed") —noun 1. a. the essential being of God; the Supreme Being. b. the Holy Trinity of God the Father, Christ the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
The XXXIX Articles of the book of Common Prayer opens thus: “There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts or passions: of infinite power, wisdom and goodness, the Maker and Preserver of all things visible and invisible. And in the unity of the GODHEAD there be three Persons, of one substance, power and eternity: the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost.”
The Westminster Confession of Faith
The Presbyterians in England having the King James Bible of 1611 AD which says "which proceedeth from the Father" (St. John 15:26 AD), wrote, in Westminster, England, in 1647 AD, in their Calvinistic "Westminster Confession of Faith": Chapter II. Of God, and of the Holy Trinity. III. "In the unity of the GODHEAD there be three persons, of one substance, power, and eternity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost. The Father is of none, neither begotten nor proceeding; the Son is eternally begotten of the Father; the Holy Ghost eternally proceeding from the Father and the Son". (page 197.)
The Greek lexicons of both Trench and Thayer's also show Godhead as being one of the primary meanings of this Greek word used in Colossians 2:9. Scholars often disagree with each other; what one affirms another denies. But of the three words used, there are some who affirm that each of the Greek words used has the meaning of "godhead".
Concerning the first example of Acts 17:29 "the Godhead" KJB and many others, τὸ θεῖον εἶναι ὅμοιον. Bauer, Arndt and Gingrich Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament 1957 list this word on page 354 and reference Acts 17:29. They define it as: 1. of THE GODHEAD and everything that belongs to it.
Concerning the Greek word used in Romans 1:20 θειότης, on page 285 of Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon he tells us that this word means divinity or divine nature and is a synonym of θεότητος used in Colossians 2:9 which he defines as "absolute GODHEAD".
Concerning Colossians 2:9 τῆς θεότητος σωματικῶς Vine's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words page 289 references Colossians 2:9 and says: "Paul is declaring that in the Son there dwells all the fulness of absolute GODHEAD; the apostle uses τῆς θεότητος to express this essential and personal GODHEAD of the Son." Then he references Trench's Synonyms. When we look at Trench Synonyms of the New Testament on pages 24-25 he says that τῆς θεότητος as found in Colossians 2:9 means exactly the same thing Vine told us - the essential and personal GODHEAD of the Son.
http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/godhead/
Dictionaries - Easton's Bible Dictionary - Godhead
( Acts 17:29 ; Romans 1:20 ; Colossians 2:9 ), the essential being or the nature of God.
The word "Godhead" occurs in the King James Version only 3 times (Acts 17:29; Romans 1:20; Colossians 2:9), and oddly enough it translates in these 3 passages, 3 different, though closely related, Greek words, to theion theiotes, thetas.
It is theotes which occurs in Colossians 2:9. Here Paul declares that "all the fullness of the Godhead" dwells in Christ "bodily." The phrase "fullness of the Godhead" is an especially emphatic one. It means everything without exception which goes to make up the Godhead, the totality of all that enters into the conception of Godhood. All this, says Paul, dwells in Christ "bodily," that is after such a fashion as to be manifested in connection with a bodily organism. This is the distinction of Christ:
In the Father and in the Spirit the whole plenitude of the Godhead dwells also, but not "bodily"; in them it is not manifested in connection with a bodily life. It is the incarnation which Paul has in mind; and he tells us that in the incarnate Son, the fullness of the Godhead dwells. The term chosen to express the Godhead here is the strongest and the most unambiguously decisive which the language affords."
Let Us Reason Ministries
http://www.letusreason.org/Biblexp218.htm
What does the term Godhead mean?
The word “Godhead” occurs in the King James Version only 3 times - Acts 17:29; Rom 1:20; Col. 2:9, and it translates slightly different each time, though closely related (In Greek- theion, theiotes, theotes). This passage in Col.2:9 and one other are the most explicit statements of Christ’s deity in the New Testament. Col.2:9 “For in him dwells (lives) the fullness of the Godhead bodily” (bodily form). “God was in Christ” (2 Cor.5:19). All that makes God who He is, is to be found in Jesus.
http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/godhead/
Dictionaries - Easton's Bible Dictionary - GodheadGodhead
( Acts 17:29 ; Romans 1:20 ; Colossians 2:9 ), the essential being or the nature of God.
The word "Godhead" occurs in the King James Version only 3 times (Acts 17:29; Romans 1:20; Colossians 2:9), and oddly enough it translates in these 3 passages, 3 different, though closely related, Greek words, to theion theiotes, thetas.
It is theotes which occurs in Colossians 2:9. Here Paul declares that "all the fullness of the Godhead" dwells in Christ "bodily." The phrase "fullness of the Godhead" is an especially emphatic one. It means everything without exception which goes to make up the Godhead, the totality of all that enters into the conception of Godhood. All this, says Paul, dwells in Christ "bodily," that is after such a fashion as to be manifested in connection with a bodily organism. This is the distinction of Christ: in the Father and in the Spirit the whole plenitude of the Godhead dwells also, but not "bodily"; in them it is not manifested in connection with a bodily life. It is the incarnation which Paul has in mind; and he tells us that in the incarnate Son, the fullness of the Godhead dwells. The term chosen to express the Godhead here is the strongest and the most unambiguously decisive which the language affords.
And this Greek New Testament site - http://www.laparola.net/greco/ Gives the following quotes concerning Colossians 2:9:
Hippolytus Refutation of All Heresies Book X: that this is what has been declared, "in whom dwelleth all the fulness of the GODHEAD bodily."[12]
Irenaeus Against Heresies Book I: and further, "In Him dwelleth all the fulness of the GODHEAD; "[46]
Origen de Principiis Book II: And when it is said "above thy fellows," it is meant that the grace of the Spirit was not given to it as to the prophets, but that the essential fulness of the Word of God Himself was in it, according to the saying of the apostle, "In whom dwelt all the fulness of the GODHEAD bodily."[88]
The word Godhead implies the Three Persons of the Trinity, whereas the simple word Deity does not. There are many deities but only one Godhead. It is more than just coincidence that the KJB has the word Godhead three times in the New Testament.
As for Mr. White's charge that all three Greek words are "completely different", please note that all three have the base word Theos, which by itself means God. Not only does the KJB translate all three instances (Acts 17:29; Romans 1:20 and Colossians 2:9) of these related words as GODHEAD, but so also do Tyndale 1525, Miles Coverdale 1535, the Great Bible (Cranmer) of 1540, Matthew's Bible (John Rogers) of 1549, the Bishop's Bible 1568, the Geneva Bible 1599, John Wesley's 1755 translation, Webster's 1833 translation, Young's "literal" translation, the Amplified Bible 1987, the KJV 21st Century Version 1994, and the Third Millenium Version of 1998.
Mr. White complains about the translation of Godhead here in Colossians 2:9, yet the NKJV 1982, which he recommends in his book as a reliable translation, also has Godhead in Colossians 2:9.
Not only do all thirteen translations mentioned above have Godhead in Colossians 2:9, but so also do Whiston's Primitive N.T. 1745, John Wesley's translation 1755, Noyes N.T. 1869, Godbey N.T. 1902, Lamsa's 1933 translation of the Syriac Peshitta, the Revised Version 1885, American Standard Version 1901, Darby 1870, New English Bible 1970, Wycliffe 1395, Complete Apostle's Bible, Analytical Literal Translation, Anderson N.T., American Bible Union N.T., Worrell N.T., English Jubilee Bible 2010, Hebrew Names Version, the World English Bible, Douay-Rheims 1582, the Douay 1950, Amplified Bible 1987, The Twentieth Century N.T. 1904, The Lawrie Translation 1998, God's First Truth Yes Word 1999, The Recovery Version 1999 (John Ingalls), Green's Modern KJV 2000, The New Berkeley Version in Modern English 1969, Rotherham's Emphatic Bible 1902, the Evidence Bible 2003, The Positive Infinity New Testament 2005 (Don Warrington), The Faithful New Testament 2009, the English Majority Text Version 2009, Bond Slave Version 2009, Holy Scriptures VW Edition 2010 by Paul Becker, New Translation Based on Majority Text 2011 by Wilbur Pickering, The Conservative Bible 2011, the Far Above All Translation 2011, The Work of God's Children Illustrated Bible 2011 and The Holy Bible, Modern Literal Version by Military Bible Association - “For in Him lives all the fullness of the GODHEAD bodily.”
That is a total of at least 45 English bible translations that disagree with Mr. White's "scholarly" opinions about what the word θεότητος means in Colossians 2:9.
Mr. White also shows his hypocrisy when he says the KJB translates three "completely" different words as Godhead. The NASB, for whom he used to work, has two very different words translated as deity - daimonion in Acts 17:18 and theotes in Colossians 2:9 - and another five very different words translated as Divine. In Acts 17:29 theios is translated as "divine nature", in Romans 1:20 theiotes is "divine nature", in Romans 11:4 kreematismos is translated as "divine response", in 2 Corinthians the Greek word theos is translated as "divinely", and in Hebrews 9:1 latreia is translated as "divine service".
The word Godhead in orthodox Christian theology clearly implies the Trinity. If anyone studies their Bible, you know that Christ was God manifest in the flesh (I Timothy 3:16 in the KJB, but not the NASB, ESV, RSV, NIV).
The Lord also said in John 14:10 and 20 "Believest thou not that I AM IN THE FATHER, AND THE FATHER IN ME?...but THE FATHER THAT DWELLETH IN ME, he doeth the works." And 14:20 - "At that day ye shall know that I AM IN MY FATHER, and ye in me, and I in you."
The Lord Jesus bears witness to the same truth when He says in John 10:30 and 38 - "I and my Father are one." and "But if I do, though ye believe not me, believe the works: that ye may know, and believe, that THE FATHER IS IN ME, AND I IN HIM." and again in John 17:21 "That they all may be one; AS THOU, FATHER, ART IN ME, AND I IN THEE, that they also may be on in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me."
The Lord Jesus Christ was conceived of the Holy Ghost (Luke 1:35) and God anointed him with the Holy Ghost and with power (Acts 10:38). In Christ dwells all the fulness of the Godhead bodily.
Bible Commentators and the Godhead of the Lord Jesus as taught in Colossians 2:9
John Calvin - Further, when he says that the fullness of the GODHEAD dwells in Christ, he means simply, that God is wholly found in him, so that he who is not contented with Christ alone, desires something better and more excellent than God. The sum is this, that God has manifested himself to us fully and perfectly in Christ. Interpreters explain in different ways the adverb bodily. For my part, I have no doubt that it is employed -- not in a strict sense -- as meaning substantially. For he places this manifestation of God, which we have in Christ, to all others that have ever been made. For God has often manifested himself to men, but it has been only in part. In Christ, on the other hand, he communicates himself to us wholly. He has also manifested himself to us otherwise, but it is in figures, or by power and grace. In Christ, on the other hand, he has appeared to us essentially. Thus the statement of John holds good: He that hath the Son, hath the Father also. (1 John 2 23.) For those who possess Christ have God truly present, and enjoy Him wholly."
Adam Clarke on Colossians 2:9 - ""The fulness of the GODHEAD dwelt in Christ 'bodily,' as opposed to the Jewish tabernacle, or temple; truly and really, in opposition to types and figures; not only effectively, as God dwells in good men, but substantially or personally, by the strictest union, as the soul dwells in the body; so that God and man are one Christ."
Burton Coffman's Commentary - "For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the GODHEAD bodily. This is an unequivocal declaration of the deity of the Son of God...GODHEAD - Ellis noted that "The Greek word for Godhead or deity is the abstract noun for God and includes not only the divine attributes, but also the divine nature." Barry declared that "almost every word of this verse is emphatic." Thus the meaning is intense, thus: All the fullness of the GODHEAD ... not a mere emanation from the Supreme Being ... Dwells and remains forever ... not descending on him for a time and then leaving again ... Bodily ... that is, as incarnate in his humanity"
Barnes' Notes on the New Testament - "For in him dwelleth. That is, this was the great and central doctrine that was to be maintained about Christ, that all the fulness of the GODHEAD dwelt in him. Of the Godhead. Of the Divinity, the Divine nature . The word is one that properly denotes the Divine nature and perfections."
J.N. Darby - "And first all the fullness of the GODHEAD dwells in Him bodily. Instead of the misty speculations of men and fantastic aeons, we have the fullness of God bodily, in a real human body, and thus efficaciously for us, in the Person of Jesus Christ."
John Gill - "For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the GODHEAD bodily. This is to be understood... of Christ, and particularly of his human nature, as consisting of a true body and a reasonable soul, in which the GODHEAD dwells in a most eminent manner...The GODHEAD dwells in Christ as in a tabernacle, in allusion to the tabernacle of Moses, which looked mean without side, but glorious within; where God granted his presence, and accepted the sacrifices of his people."
David Guzik's Commentary on the Bible - "In Him dwells all the fullness of the GODHEAD: This is a dramatic, airtight declaration of the full Deity of Jesus. Since all the fullness of the GODHEAD dwells in Jesus, He cannot be a halfway God or a "junior god." All the fullness of the GODHEAD bodily... Paul needed to make it clear that all the fullness of the GODHEAD was in Jesus bodily, not in some strange, mystical sense."
Jamieson, Fausset and Brown - "of the GODHEAD--The Greek (theotes) means the ESSENCE and NATURE of the GODHEAD, not merely the divine perfections and attributes of Divinity. He, as man, was not merely God-like, but in the fullest sense, God."
Matthew Henry - "For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the GODHEAD bodily. Under the law, the presence of God dwelt between the cherubim, in a cloud which covered the mercy-seat; but now it dwells in the person of our Redeemer, who partakes of our nature, and is bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh, and has more clearly declared the Father to us. It dwells in him bodily; not as the body is opposed to the spirit, but as the body is opposed to the shadow. The fulness of the GODHEAD dwells in the Christ really, and not figuratively; for he is both God and man."
Robertson's Word Pictures - "The fulness of the GOD-HEAD was in Christ before the Incarnation (John 1:1,18; Philippians 2:6), during the Incarnation (John 1:14,18; 1 John 1:1-3). It was the Son of God who came in the likeness of men (Philippians 2:7). Paul here disposes of the Docetic theory that Jesus had no human body as well as the Cerinthian separation between the man Jesus and the aeon Christ. He asserts plainly the deity and the humanity of Jesus Christ in corporeal form."
John Wesley - "For in him dwelleth - Inhabiteth, continually abideth, all the fulness of the GODHEAD. Believers are "filled with all the fulness of God," Ephesians 3:19. But in Christ dwelleth all the fulness of the GODHEAD; the most full GODHEAD; not only divine powers, but divine nature, Colossians 1:19. Bodily - Personally, really, substantially. The very substance of God, if one might so speak, dwells in Christ in the most full sense."
People like James White have no inspired Bible or sure words of God. He will tell you that he believes "The Bible is the infallible words of God", but if you ask him to show you a copy of this infallible Bible he claims to believe in, he will never tell you. I know; I have tried.
Men like James White set up their own minds as being the final authority and correct every bible version out there. Mr. White often corrects his own NASB and thinks it too has errors. An example of James White's "I'm the final authority" thinking is a recent video he came out with where he states that he personally does not believe that Luke 23:34 "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do" is inspired Scripture and he would not preach on it, even though it is found in the NASB, NIV, ESV.
The video was up for some time but when people like me began to comment on it, he took it down.
Men like Mr. White don't believe any translation can be the inspired words of God, and since the "originals" no longer exist, they have no inspired Bible and resent the fact that many of us believe we do.
They want to be the Final Authority and have you come to them to find out what God REALLY said. It is a big ego trip, easy to get into, and very hard to get out of.
I feel sorry for all the Christians who have been robbed of the true Holy Bible by unbelieving modern scholars like James White.
All of grace, believing The Book - the Authorized King James Holy Bible.
Will Kinney
Return to Articles - http://brandplucked.webs.com/kjbarticles.htm
Notes from the Internet
From Ken Matto - http://www.scionofzion.com/colossians_2_9.html
Colossians 2:9
(KJV) For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily.
(1611 KJV) For in him dwelleth all the fulnesse of the Godhead bodily.
(1587 Geneva Bible) For in him dwelleth all the fulnesse of the Godhead bodily.
(1526 Tyndale) For in him dwelleth all the fulnes of the godheed bodyly
(1382 Wycliffe) For in hym dwellith bodilich al the fulnesse of the Godhed.
Counterfeit Versions
(AMP) For in Him the whole fullness of Deity (the Godhead) continues to dwell in bodily form [giving complete expression of the divine nature].
(CEB) All the fullness of deity lives in Christ’s body.
(CEV) God lives fully in Christ.
(ERV) I say this because all of God lives in Christ fully, even in his life on earth.
(ESV) For in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily,
(GNB) For the full content of divine nature lives in Christ, in his humanity,
(HCSB) For the entire fullness of God’s nature dwells bodily in Christ,
(JB Phillips) Yet it is in him that God gives a full and complete expression of himself (within the physical limits that he set himself in Christ).
(LB) For in Christ there is all of God in a human body;
(THE MESSAGE) Everything of God gets expressed in him, so you can see and hear him clearly.
(NASV) For in Him all the fullness of Deity dwells in bodily form,
(NCV) All of God lives fully in Christ (even when Christ was on earth),
(NET) For in him all the fullness of deity lives in bodily form,
(NIRV) God’s whole nature is living in Christ in human form
(NIV) For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form,
(NLT) For in Christ lives all the fullness of God in a human body.
(NRSV) For in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily,
(RSV) For in him the whole fulness of deity dwells bodily,
(VOICE) You see, all that is God, all His fullness, resides in His body.
(2011 NAB-Roman Catholic) For in him dwells the whole fullness of the deity bodily,
(NWT-Jehovah’s Witnesses) because it is in him that all the fullness of the divine quality dwells bodily
Textus Receptus - Traditional Text
οτι εν αυτω κατοικει παν το πληρωμα της θεοτητος σωματικως
Hort-Westcott - Critical Text
οτι εν αυτω κατοικει παν το πληρωμα της θεοτητος σωματικως
Corrupted Manuscripts
None
Affected Teaching
The Gnostics had totally disbelieved that Christ was of the Godhead. They had believed that Christ came into being at His birth. Some Gnostics believed Christ was only pure Spirit and had a specter type body, not a physical one, this heresy was known as Docetism. The Gnostics basically believed that if a true being came from God, there was no way they could be overcome by the world and be killed as Christ was. They also believed that the resurrection of Christ was when His spirit left His body. In this verse Paul is stating that all the fullness of the Godhead, that is, all the attributes of the Godhead are in Christ. When He was on this earth, He emptied himself of His glory but not His position as second person of the Godhead as evidenced by His miracles. He never ceased to be God while on the earth and He continues to be God throughout all eternity.
The word “Godhead” when replaced by the word “deity” can denote a generic term. The word “deity” is not found in the King James Bible because the Holy Spirit wanted to point the believer to the fact that Jesus is in the Godhead and is not some detached deity.
(Rom 1:20 KJV) For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:
(Acts 17:29 KJV) Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device.
The word “Godhead” in Colossians 2:9 is in harmony with the other 2 uses of the word in Romans 1:20 and Acts 17:29.
Here is a paragraph from a New Age website speaking of solar deities:
A solar deity is a deity who represents the sun, or an aspect of it. People have worshipped the sun and solar deities for all of recorded history; sun worship is also known as heliolatry. Hence, many beliefs and legends have been formed around this worship, most notably the various myths containing the "missing sun" motif from around the world. Although many sources contend that solar deities are generally male, and the brother, father, husband and/or enemy of the lunar deity (usually female), this is not cross-culturally upheld, as sun goddesses are found on every continent.
Taken from: http://www.new-age-guide.com/new_age/solar_deity.htm
As you can see, it is important that we keep the term “Godhead” instead of relinquishing it to “deity.” It is one thing which sets Christianity apart from worldly satanic religions and the King James Bible from New Age Bible Versions.
Galatians 3:24-25 "the law was our SCHOOLMASTER to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith."
Another Bible critic, with no inerrant Bible in any language, has recently published a long litany of alleged errors he thinks he's found in the King James Bible. His name is Dr. Theodore H. Mann, and his article is called Translation Problems in the KJV New Testament, copyrighted 2000.
In his article Mr. Mann writes: "Galatians 3:24 and 1 Corinthians 4:15: "Schoolmaster" and "instructor" are misleading. The Greek term (paidagwgo) refers to a male slave who had charge of the boy to take him to school."
The only good thing I can say about those who criticize our beloved King James Bible, is that they do drive me to further study God's preserved and inerrant words as found in the King James Bible.
What I found to be of interest in this particular study is the wide variety of both opinions and translations of what this particular Greek word - paidagoogos - really means and how God applies it in the contexts of Galatians 3:24-25 and 1 Corinthians 4:15.
What one scholar adamantly affirms, another just as firmly denies. The polar opinions can be seen in these two quotes:
- 1 - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia - "No English word renders paidagogos adequately. "Schoolmaster" IS QUITE WRONG, but Revised Version's "tutor"(compare 1 Corinthians 4:15) is little better in modern English."
- 2 - Coffman Commentaries on the Old and New Testaments - "The Law is become our tutor ...THIS RENDITION IS UNFORTUNATE, for "The Law was our SCHOOLMASTER to bring us unto Christ" (KJV) IS FAR BETTER."
Likewise the Greek Lexicons, the Bible commentaries, and the Bible translations are constantly at odds with each other. I believe the clear difference is between Bible wisdom and scholarly stupidity.
First of all, the Greek word paidagoogos simply means a pedagogue or a teacher of the young. This is what the word means in the modern Greek language, and how the Modern Greek New Testament still reads. We get our English word "pedagogue" directly from this Greek word. A pedagogue is defined as a teacher, a schoolteacher, or a schoolmaster. A schoolmaster is a male teacher of the young. Pedagogy is the function or work of a teacher, education, or instructional methods.
The Greek lexicons are all over the board on what the Greek word means and how it was applied in the context of the New Testament. Some lexicons agree with Mr. Mann's definition of "a male slave who had charge of the boy to take him to school", but others like Thayer, Robertson, and Moulton and Milligan, also tell us that the pedagogue was "a supervisor, censor and enforcer of morals" (Thayer), "watched his behaviour at home" (Robertson), and "he did not merely conduct the boy to school, but had a general charge of him as a tutor until he reached maturity" (Moulton and Milligan page 473, 1985)
Liddell and Scott's Abridged Greek-English Lexicon, 17th edition, 1887 page 511 says the word pedagoge means "generally, a tutor, teacher, or instructor."
Secondly, the clear Biblical context in both 1 Corinthians 4:15 and in Galatians 3:24-25 is that of a teacher or schoolmaster, and not that of "a male slave who had charge of the boy to take him to school."
In the CONTEXT of 1 Corinthians 4 the apostle Paul is talking about how he had planted the church and others like Apollos had later come along to further instruct them in the faith. He then writes: "For though ye have ten thousand INSTRUCTORS (pedagogues) in Christ, yet have ye not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus I have begotten you through the gospel."
Most Bible translations, including the modern ones Mr. Mann might refer us to, translate the word in this passage as "instructors", "tutors" or "teachers". Not one of them has "a male slave who had charge of the boy to take him to school."
Likewise in the CONTEXT of Galatians 3:24-25 the apostle Paul is expounding upon the purpose of the law of Moses in contrast to the gospel of the grace of God in Christ. The law was "added because of transgressions, till the seed should come". By the law is the knowledge of sin (Romans 3:20), and it is written "Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in book of the law to do them." (Galatians 3:10, 19)
At this point in our study I would like to list the various ways different translations have rendered the word pedagoogos here in Galatians 3:24-25. Then I will follow up with what several Bible commentators have to say about how the law was our "schoolmaster" unto Christ.
In the King James Bible we read: "But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe. But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. Wherefore the law was our SCHOOLMASTER to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after that faith is come, we are no longer under A SCHOOLMASTER. For ye are all children of God by faith in Christ Jesus." Galatians 3:22-26
Not only does the King James Bible correctly read SCHOOLMASTER, but so do the following Bible versions: Tyndale 1525, Coverdale 1535, the Great Bible 1540, Matthew's Bible 1549, the Bishops' Bible 1568, the Geneva Bible 1599, Daniel Mace's N.T. 1729, Wesley's N.T. 1755, Whitson's N.T., Webster's 1833 translation, the Calvin Bible 1855, Noyes Translation 1869, William Godbey N.T. 1902, A Conservative Version, the New Simplified Bible, the KJV 21st Century version 1994, the Third Millenium Bible of 1998 and the Jubilee Bible 2000-2010.
It is of interest that the 1979 edition of the NKJV reads "schoolmaster", but then in 1982 the NKJV changed this to read "tutor". Actually, the word schoolmaster is more accurate than "tutor". A schoolmaster is a teacher of the young and immature, and this fits the context of the argument in Galatians. A tutor is not limited to the young, but older persons can also have a tutor when learning something new.
The versions that render this word as "tutor", which is a TEACHER and not "a male slave who had charge of the boy to take him to school", are the following: The Douay, NKJV 1982 edition, the NASB, RV, ASV, Darby, and the New English Bible.
The NIV 1984 edition paraphrases Galatians as "the law was PUT IN CHARGE", "UNDER THE SUPERVISION of the law", but has "guardians" in the 1 Corinthians 4:15 passage. However the 2011 "new" New International Version has changed this to read: "So the law was OUR GUARDIAN"..."we are no longer under A GUARDIAN."
The RSV of 1952 has "custodian" in Galatians and "guides" in 1 Cor.
The NRSV 1989 has "disciplinarian" in Gal. but "guardians" in 1 Cor.
The ESV 2001 has "guardian" in Gal. but "guide" in 1 Cor.
The Holman Standard has "guardian" in Gal. but "instructors" in 1 Cor.
The New Life Version 1977 has "teacher" in both.
The Bible in Basic English 1961 has "servant" in Galatians but "teachers" in 1 Corinthians 4:15.
The Contemporary English Version 1995 reads "the law was our teacher"
There are also several foreign language versions which also read: "the law was our schoolmaster (or teacher) including the Spanish Biblia en Lenguage Sencillo 2000, the Reina Valera 1909-1960, the Reina Valera Gómez 2010 - "la ley nuestro ayo fué para llevarnos á Cristo" (the word "ayo" means a teacher or a tutor), Luther's German Bible 1545 - "Also ist das Gesetz unser Zuchtmeister" = "law was our schoolmaster", the German Schlachter bible 2000 - "So ist also das Gesetz unser Lehrmeister" = "teacher, tutor", the French Louis Segond 1910, the Italian Diodati 1649 - "la legge è stata nostro pedagogo", and Italian La Parola e Vita 1997, the Portuguese O Livro of 2000,the Portuguese Almeida, A Sagrada Biblia em Portugués - "De maneira que a lei nos serviu de aio", and even the NIV Portuguese version of 2000 Nova Versao Internacional.
When a Bible corrector like Mr. Mann tells us the King James Bible reading of "schoolmaster" or "instructor" is MISLEADING, and that it really means "a male slave who had charge of the boy to take him to school", he is merely giving us his own very flawed opinion and nothing more. He himself does not believe that any Bible in any language is the complete, inerrant and 100% true words of God, and he wants you to come to the same point of view he has on this vital subject.
Now for some thoughts from various Bible commentators who have a lot more spiritual sense about the context and meaning of the Galatians passage, than do men like Dr. Theodore Mann.
JOHN GILL comments: "the law was our schoolmaster" - the sense of the passage is, that the law performed this office of a schoolmaster until the coming of Christ; which shows that till that time the church was in its minority, that the Jews were but children in knowledge and understanding, and therefore stood in need, and were under the care of a schoolmaster, the law, by which the whole Mosaic administration is designed. They were taught by the moral law, the letter, the writing on the two tables, with other statutes and judgments, their duty to God and men, what is to be done and to be avoided, what is righteousness and what is not, the nature of sin, its demerit and consequences;... besides the instruction the law gave, it made use of discipline as a schoolmaster does; it kept a strict eye and hand over them, and them close to the performance of their duty;... Moreover, the law being called a schoolmaster, shows that the use of it was but temporary, and its duration but for a time; children are not always to be under, nor designed to be always under a schoolmaster, no longer than till they are come to a proper age for greater business and higher exercises of life; so the law was to continue, and did continue, to be of this use and service to the Jewish church during its minority, until Christ came, the substance of all it taught and directed to."
MATTHEW HENRY remarks: "he tells them, the law was their schoolmaster, to bring them to Christ, that they might be justified by faith. As it declared the mind and will of God concerning them, and at the same time denounced a curse against them for every failure in their duty, so it was proper to convince them of their lost and undone condition in themselves, and to let them see the weakness and insufficiency of their own righteousness to recommend them to God. And as it obliged them to a variety of sacrifices, etc., which, though they could not of themselves take away sin, were typical of Christ, and of the great sacrifice which he was to offer up for the expiation of it, so it directed them (though in a more dark and obscure manner) to him as their only relief and refuge. And thus it was their schoolmaster, to instruct and govern them in their state of minority."
JOHN WESLEY tersely comments: "Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster unto Christ - It was designed to train us up for Christ. And this it did both by its commands, which showed the need we had of his atonement; and its ceremonies, which all pointed us to him. "
JOHN CALVIN comments: "Wherefore, the law was our schoolmaster" A schoolmaster is not appointed for the whole life, but only for childhood, as the etymology of the Greek word paidagoogos implies. Besides, in training a child, the object is to prepare him, by the instructions of childhood, for maturer years. The comparison applies in both respects to the law, for its authority was limited to a particular age, and its whole object was to prepare its students in such a manner, that, when its elementary instructions were closed, they might make progress worthy of manhood. And so he adds, that it was our schoolmaster unto Christ. The grammarian, when he has trained a boy, delivers him into the hands of another, who conducts him through the higher branches of a finished education. In like manner, the law was the grammar of theology, which, after carrying its students a short way, handed them over to faith to be completed. Thus, Paul compares the Jews to children, and us to advanced youth."
MARTIN LUTHER, in his well known commentary on the book of Galatians, says: "Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ. This simile of the schoolmaster is striking. Schoolmasters are indispensable. But show me a pupil who loves his schoolmaster. How little love is lost upon them the Jews showed by their attitude toward Moses. They would have been glad to stone Moses to death. (Ex. 17:4.) You cannot expect anything else. How can a pupil love a teacher who frustrates his desires? And if the pupil disobeys, the schoolmaster whips him, and the pupil has to like it and even kiss the rod with which he was beaten. Do you think the schoolboy feels good about it? As soon as the teacher turns his back, the pupil breaks the rod and throws it into the fire. And if he were stronger than the teacher he would not take the beatings, but beat up the teacher. All the same, teachers are indispensable, otherwise the children would grow up without discipline, instruction, and training...The Law is like the good schoolmaster who trains his children to find pleasure in doing things they formerly detested."
The American Tract Society Bible Dictionary has this to say about the word "schoolmaster" - 1 Corinthians 4:15 Galatians 3:24,25, in Greek Paidagogos; a sort of attendant who took the charge of young children, TAUGHT THEM THE RUDIMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE (Caps are mine), and at a suitable age conducted them to and from school. Thus the law was the pedagogue of the nation, and a length conducting them through its types and prophecies to Christ. When a Jew came to a believing knowledge of Christ, this office of the law ceased."
The original Scofield notes say concerning the word "schoolmaster" - Greek - paidagogos , child-conductor. Among the Greeks and Romans, persons, for the most part slaves, who had it in charge TO EDUCATE (Caps are mine) and give constant attendance upon boys till they came of age."--H.A.W. Meyer.
The King James Bible is correct, as always.
Will Kinney
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List of New Testament minuscules
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01 · 02 · 03 · 04 · 05 · 06 · 07 · 08 · 09 · 010 · 011 · 012 · 013 · 014 · 015 · 016 · 017 · 018 · 019 · 020 · 021 · 022 · 023 · 024 · 025 · 026 · 027 · 028 · 029 · 030 · 031 · 032 · 033 · 034 · 035 · 036 · 037 · 038 · 039 · 040 · 041 · 042 · 043 · 044 · 045 · 046 · 047 · 048 · 049 · 050 · 051 · 052 · 053 · 054 · 055 · 056 · 057 · 058 · 059 · 060 · 061 · 062 · 063 · 064 · 065 · 066 · 067 · 068 · 069 · 070 · 071 · 072 · 073 · 074 · 075 · 076 · 077 · 078 · 079 · 080 · 081 · 082 · 083 · 084 · 085 · 086 · 087 · 088 · 089 · 090 · 091 · 092 · 093 · 094 · 095 · 096 · 097 · 098 · 099 · 0100 · 0101 · 0102 · 0103 · 0104 · 0105 · 0106 · 0107 · 0108 · 0109 · 0110 · 0111 · 0112 · 0113 · 0114 · 0115 · 0116 · 0117 · 0118 · 0119 · 0120 · 0121 · 0122 · 0123 · 0124 · 0125 · 0126 · 0127 · 0128 · 0129 · 0130 · 0131 · 0132 · 0134 · 0135 · 0136 · 0137 · 0138 · 0139 · 0140 · 0141 · 0142 · 0143 · 0144 · 0145 · 0146 · 0147 · 0148 · 0149 · 0150 · 0151 · 0152 · 0153 · 0154 · 0155 · 0156 · 0157 · 0158 · 0159 · 0160 · 0161 · 0162 · 0163 · 0164 · 0165 · 0166 · 0167 · 0168 · 0169 · 0170 · 0171 · 0172 · 0173 · 0174 · 0175 · 0176 · 0177 · 0178 · 0179 · 0180 · 0181 · 0182 · 0183 · 0184 · 0185 · 0186 · 0187 · 0188 · 0189 · 0190 · 0191 · 0192 · 0193 · 0194 · 0195 · 0196 · 0197 · 0198 · 0199 · 0200 · 0201 · 0202 · 0203 · 0204 · 0205 · 0206 · 0207 · 0208 · 0209 · 0210 · 0211 · 0212 · 0213 · 0214 · 0215 · 0216 · 0217 · 0218 · 0219 · 0220 · 0221 · 0222 · 0223 · 0224 · 0225 · 0226 · 0227 · 0228 · 0229 · 0230 · 0231 · 0232 · 0234 · 0235 · 0236 · 0237 · 0238 · 0239 · 0240 · 0241 · 0242 · 0243 · 0244 · 0245 · 0246 · 0247 · 0248 · 0249 · 0250 · 0251 · 0252 · 0253 · 0254 · 0255 · 0256 · 0257 · 0258 · 0259 · 0260 · 0261 · 0262 · 0263 · 0264 · 0265 · 0266 · 0267 · 0268 · 0269 · 0270 · 0271 · 0272 · 0273 · 0274 · 0275 · 0276 · 0277 · 0278 · 0279 · 0280 · 0281 · 0282 · 0283 · 0284 · 0285 · 0286 · 0287 · 0288 · 0289 · 0290 · 0291 · 0292 · 0293 · 0294 · 0295 · 0296 · 0297 · 0298 · 0299 · 0300 · 0301 · 0302 · 0303 · 0304 · 0305 · 0306 · 0307 · 0308 · 0309 · 0310 · 0311 · 0312 · 0313 · 0314 · 0315 · 0316 · 0317 · 0318 · 0319 · 0320 · 0321 · 0322 · 0323 ·
List of New Testament lectionaries
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