Editio Regia

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3rd edition of Estienne's New Testament opened to the beginning of the Gospel of John

4th edition of New Testament of Robert Estienne

Editio Regia (Royal edition) is the third and the most important edition of the Greek New Testament of Robert Estienne (1503-1559). Historically it is one of the most important printed editions of the Greek New Testament. It was later named the Textus Receptus. It was named Editio Regia because of the beautiful and elegant Greek font it uses.

History

It was edited by Estienne (Stephanus is the Latinized version of the French name Estienne) in 1550 at Paris. It is the first Greek Testament that has a critical apparatus. Estienne entered on the margins of the pages variant readings from 15 Greek manuscripts as well as many readings from the Complutensian Polyglot.^[1] He designated all these sources by symbols from α' to ις'. The Complutensian Polyglot was signified by α'. The oldest manuscript used in this edition was the Codex Bezae, which had been collated for him, "by friends in Italy" (secundo exemplar vetustissimum in Italia ab amicis collatum). The majority of these manuscripts are held in National Library of France to the present day.

The text of the editions of 1546 and 1549 was a composition of the Complutesian and Erasmian Novum Testamentum. The third edition approaches more closely to the Erasmian fourth and fifth editions. According to John Mill first and second editions differ in 67 places, and the third in 284 places.^[2] The third edition became for many people, especially in England, the normative text of the Greek New Testament. The fourth edition used exactly the same text as the third, without a critical apparatus, but the text is divided into numbered verses for the first time in the history of the printed text of Greek New Testament. It was used for the Geneva Bible.

A collation against the first edition of Stephanus, 1546, reveals that in 38 passages the editor here rejected the Complutensian reading in favor of that if Erasmus, whereas the converse occurs only twice. These two Stephanus printings (1550, 1551) were utilized by the translators of the New Testament for the 1611 King James Bible and became cited as the fundament of the 1633 “Textus Receptus” Greek New Testament printed by the Elzeviers in Amsterdam.

This edition was widely reprinted for centuries as the "Textus Receptus" of the Greek New Testament, upon which later translations (including the King James) are based. This was also the first printed Greek New Testament with a critical apparatus. The book is additionally of enormous typographical significance. Robert Estienne held the office of royal printer and this is his masterpiece, a luxurious folio printed using all three sizes of Claude Garamond's fine Greek fonts. The main text is printed in Royal Garamond and production of the font was paid for by King Henry II. (Armstrong 52) Robert Proctor said of this Greek type that "it was, and is, by far the best type of its kind that has ever been cut.for evenness of colour, for precision of casting, and for the exactness of alignment and justification, these founts are unsurpassed." (Updike 237)

The British Magazine

The number of manuscripts used by Stephanus in the production of his first three editions was elucidated by Huyshe at the beginning of the nineteenth century. His findings can be downloaded in PDF format here. A summary is found in The British Magazine vol. 3, London 1833, pp. 285 (bracketed are footnotes):

“Upon his (Stephanus’) petition to his high-minded patron, Francis I., (The king of France) he was accommodated with the use of fifteen MSS. from the royal library; out of these, and some one private MS., he formed the text of the “O mirificam,” of 1546. (Stephanus’ first edition) This stock he nearly doubled while he was preparing for the glory of his life, the folio of 1550; and when the text of that splendid edition had been formed from it, he selected seven of the fifteen royal MSS. and six of the private, numbered 2-14, to give opposing (I.e. variant) readings to his first volume (the Gospels and the Acts) which together with those of one of the previous editions, (The Complutensian) No. 1, are given in the inner margin. As a sufficient number of these thirteen MSS. contained the epistles of St. Paul, and the remainder of the third part of the sacred text (the catholic epistles) there was no alteration made in the opposing materials for giving various readings thus far, in the second volume. But in the Revelations (the 4th part of the sacred text) all the thirteen of the first selection failed. A new selection then became necessary, and No. 15 was taken out of the royal MSS., and No 16 out of the private MSS., with the printed edition, (The Complutensian) to furnish opposing (I.e. variant) readings to the new text, there. A reading or two was given from each of the two last selected MSS., in the previous part of the work, probably (as I have imagined) to shew that the royal MS., No. 15, contained the whole of this second volume; (Viz. the Pauline epistles) and that the private one, No. 16, contained the whole New Testament. The original set of MSS. then amounted to little more than half of what were obtained in the whole, for the text of the folio; and exactly half of that set, (viz., eight of the royal MSS.) and about one half of those that were obtained afterwards, together with the Complutensian print, made up the set that was taken first and last to oppose (I.e. give variants for) the text of the folio in the marginal readings. Such was the theory of a pamphlet (By Huyshe) entitled “Specimen of an intended publication &c”, (London, 1827) namely, that Stephanus had fifteen MSS. from the royal library, but that he had, in all, 16 MSS., “posterioribus diebus,” (“At a later date”) for the first edition of 1546; that these were increased, as might naturally be expected, by his keeping his son so long searching the libraries of Italy, to thirty, and more, for the folio; (Viz. the Editio Regia of 1550) and that a selection was made out of the whole, to furnish opposing (I.e. variant) readings in the margin.” [1]

Manuscripts and sources used in Editio Regia

In his preface Estienne said that he had used sixteen manuscripts as his sources.^[3]

Sign	Name	Date	Content	Institution
α'	Complutensian Polyglot	16th	New Testament	—
β'	Codex Bezae	5th	Gospels, Acts	University of Cambridge
γ'	Minuscule 4	13th	Gospels	National Library of France
δ'	Minuscule 5	13th	New Testament (except Rev)	National Library of France
ε'	Minuscule 6	13th	New Testament (except Rev)	National Library of France
ς'	Minuscule 2817	12th	Pauline epistles	University of Basel
ζ'	Minuscule 8	11th	Gospels	National Library of France
η'	Codex Regius	8th	Gospels	National Library of France
θ'	Minuscule 38	12th	New Testament (except Rev)	National Library of France
ι'	Minuscule 2298 ?	11th	Acts, Pauline epistles	National Library of France
ια'	Unidentified
ιβ'	Minuscule 9	1167	Gospels	National Library of France
ιγ'	Minuscule 393			University of Cambridge, Kk. 6.4 (?)
ιδ'	Codex Victorinus, 774 (Minuscule 120)
ιε'	Minuscule 237 (?)
ις'	Unidentified

?	Minuscule 42
?	Minuscule 111

Manuscripts γ', δ', ε', ς', ζ', η', ι', ιε' were taken from the King Henry II's Library (Royal Library of France, now Bibliothèque nationale de France). It was suggested by Wettstein that θ' means Codex Coislinianus (it came to France ca. 1650, and was not available in time of Estienne).

References

1. T. H. L. Parker, Calvin's New Testament Commentaries, (London: CSM Press, 1971), p. 103.
2. Cited by J. J. Griesbach, Novum Testamentum Graece, vol. 1, Prolegomena, p. XXIII.; F.H. A., Scrivener, A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Cambridge 1861, pp. 387-388.
3. F. H. A. Scrivener, A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, Cambridge 1861, p. 299.

External links

The King James Version 2023 Edition New Testament is now complete and in print format here.

Internal Links

Old Testament - New Testament KJV 1900

New Testament KJV 2016

Scrivener's 1894 Textus Receptus

2016 Urdu New Testament (TR Based)

Russian Synodal Version (TR Based)

Reina Valera Gómez Spanish (TR Based)

Marginal Notes in the 1611 Authorized Version

Ephesians 3:9

Why We Should Not Passover Easter 1, 2, & 3

Will Kinney

List of TR/KJV based foreign bibles

List of New Testament minuscules

List of New Testament lectionaries

List of New Testament Papyri

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